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Swinehart M, Harris LJ, Anderson NM, Feng Y. U.S. Consumer Practices of Homemade Nut-based Dairy Analogs and Soaked Nuts. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100132. [PMID: 37468108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Tree nuts, a low-moisture food, are typically perceived as being a low risk for foodborne illness. In the past five decades, the consumption of tree nuts (dry, soaked, or as nut-based dairy analogs [NBDA]) has increased along with corresponding foodborne illness outbreaks and recalls associated with these products. We developed an online survey to assess tree nut handling practices of U.S. consumers, and to select study participants who have soaked tree nuts and/or made NBDA at home. We distributed our initial survey questions in October 2021 to a convenience sample (n = 12) to test for clarity and comprehension. In January 2022, participants (n = 981) who met the criteria completed the survey. The most popular soaked tree nuts were almonds (54%), followed by cashews (36%), walnuts (32%), and pistachios (22%). Participants soaked tree nuts for direct consumption (67%) and during the preparation of NBDA (80%). Participants soaked tree nuts under refrigerated conditions for 1-24 h (22%), on the countertop at room temperature (est. 65-75°F [18-24°C]) for 1-5 h (21%), or at room temperature for 12 h or more (6%); 16% used a hot or boiling water, short time treatment. Some participants added acid (28%) or salt (25%) to the soaking water. Among those participants who dried their tree nuts after soaking (63%), 89% reported drying at a temperature lower than 46°C (115°F). Some participants (34%) used their tree nuts to make fermented dairy analogs (e.g., "cheese" or "yogurt") by adding "probiotics" (56-86%) or a yogurt starter culture (37-99%), respectively, and then, most frequently, holding at or below 20°C (68°F) for 12 h or less (29%). The safety of many of these practices has not been adequately investigated, but the findings of this study will inform future risk assessment and risk modeling studies on tree nut food safety in home kitchen settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Swinehart
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agricultural Mall Drive, West Layfette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Linda J Harris
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | - Yaohua Feng
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agricultural Mall Drive, West Layfette, IN 47907, USA.
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Gaseous chlorine dioxide for inactivating Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 on chia seeds. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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Lieberman V, Estrada EM, Swinehart M, Feng Y, Harris LJ. Fate of foodborne pathogens during soaking and drying of walnuts. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100011. [PMID: 36916594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Walnuts are among the most popular tree nuts that are soaked at home. Recipes for preparing soaked walnut kernels from online blogs (n = 71) and YouTube videos (n = 29) were reviewed to identify typical consumer handling practices that were then used to determine the fate of foodborne pathogens during soaking and subsequent drying of walnut kernels. Individual five-strain cocktails of rifampin-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella, grown on agar plates and diluted in water, were inoculated onto walnuts and then dried. Inoculated walnuts were added to sterile water at a ratio of 1:4 (w/v), held at 15, 18, or 22°C for up to 24 h, and then dried at 64°C for up to 24 h (for Salmonella-inoculated walnuts). Pathogen populations during soaking and drying were enumerated on tryptic soy agar with rifampin and on CHROM agar. Initial walnut moisture was ∼4%, increased to ∼30% at 8 and 24 h of soaking and then decreased during drying to ∼4% at 6 h and <1% after 24 h. Initial E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella populations were ∼1.0, ∼1.5, and 1.0-2.5 log CFU/g, respectively, after inoculation and drying. No significant (P > 0.05) increase in populations was observed after 24 h at 15 and 18°C or after 12 h at 22°C. Significant increases of 1.9-3.0, 1.2-2.1, and 1.8 log CFU/g for E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella, respectively, were observed after 24 h of soaking at 22°C. Growth rates of 0.19, 0.093, and 0.16 log CFU/sample per h, respectively, were observed. Lag times of 8.8 and 11 h at 22°C were determined for E. coli and Salmonella, respectively. Populations of Salmonella declined by 1.04 log CFU/g over 12 h of drying; further significant (P < 0.05) decreases were not observed at 24 h. To limit food safety risks in soaked walnuts, educational materials should emphasize sourcing treated walnuts, kitchen sanitation, hygiene measures, and soaking at cooler temperatures or for shorter times at ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lieberman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8598, USA; Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8598, USA.
| | - Erika M Estrada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8598, USA; Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8598, USA.
| | - Maeve Swinehart
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Yaohua Feng
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Linda J Harris
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8598, USA; Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8598, USA.
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Inpitak P, Udompijitkul P. Effect of household sanitizing agents and electrolyzed water on Salmonella reduction and germination of sunflower and roselle seeds. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 370:109668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kragh ML, Obari L, Caindec AM, Jensen HA, Truelstrup Hansen L. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella Typhimurium on sliced mushrooms during drying in a household food dehydrator. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lau SK, Panth R, Chaves BD, Weller CL, Subbiah J. Thermal Inactivation Kinetics of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium NRRL-B2354 on Whole Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.). J Food Prot 2021; 84:1357-1365. [PMID: 33852729 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Intervention technologies for inactivating Salmonella on whole chia seeds are currently limited. Determination of the thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella on chia seeds and selection of an appropriate nonpathogenic surrogate will provide a foundation for selecting and optimizing thermal pasteurization processes for chia seeds. In this study, chia seed samples from three separate production lots were inoculated with a five-strain Salmonella cocktail or Enterococcus faecium NRRL-B2354 and equilibrated to a water activity of 0.53 at room temperature (25°C). After equilibration for at least 3 days, the inoculated seeds were subjected to isothermal treatments at 80, 85, or 90°C. Samples were removed at six time points, and surviving bacteria were enumerated. Whole chia seeds were diluted in a filter bag at 1:30 because bacterial recovery with this method was similar to that obtained from ground seeds. Survivor data were fitted to consolidated models: one primary model (log linear or Weibull) and one secondary model (Bigelow). E. faecium had higher thermal resistance than did Salmonella, suggesting that E. faecium may be a suitable conservative nonpathogenic surrogate for Salmonella. The Weibull model was a better fit for the survivor data than was the log-linear model for both bacteria based on the lower root mean square error and corrected Akaike's information criterion values. Lipid oxidation measurements and fatty acid concentrations were significantly different from those of the control samples, but the overall magnitude of the differences was relatively small. The thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella and E. faecium on chia seeds may be used as a basis for developing thermal pasteurization processes for chia seeds. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Kiat Lau
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583.,Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Rajendra Panth
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Byron D Chaves
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Curtis L Weller
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583.,Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Jeyamkondan Subbiah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583.,Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583.,Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA
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Complete Genome Sequences of Five Salmonella enterica Strains Used in Inoculation Cocktails in Low-Moisture Food Storage Studies. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:MRA01588-18. [PMID: 30643905 PMCID: PMC6328678 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01588-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival kinetics of Salmonella enterica have been previously studied using an inoculum cocktail composed of different strains that have been associated with low-moisture foods. Here, we report the closed genome sequences of five strains of Salmonella enterica that are commonly used in these storage studies.
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