1
|
Wang J, Kaur S, Kayabasi A, Ranjbaran M, Rath I, Benschikovski I, Raut B, Ra K, Rafiq N, Verma MS. A portable, easy-to-use paper-based biosensor for rapid in-field detection of fecal contamination on fresh produce farms. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116374. [PMID: 38754195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory-based nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are highly sensitive and specific, but they require the transportation of samples to centralized testing facilities and have long turnaround times. During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, substantial advancement has been achieved with the development of paper-based point-of-care (POC) NAATs, offering features such as low cost, being easy to use, and providing rapid sample-to-answer times. Although most of the POC NAATs innovations are towards clinical settings, we have developed a portable, paper-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) testing platform for on-farm applications, capable of detecting Bacteroidales as a fecal contamination biomarker. Our integrated platform includes a drop generator, a heating and imaging unit, and paper-based biosensors, providing sensitive results (limit of detection 3 copies of Bacteroidales per cm2) within an hour of sample collection. We evaluated this integrated platform on a commercial lettuce farm with a concordance of 100% when compared to lab-based tests. Our integrated paper-based LAMP testing platform holds great promise as a reliable and convenient tool for on-site NAATs. We expect that this innovation will encourage the fresh produce industry to adopt NAATs as a complementary tool for decision-making in growing and harvesting. We also hope that our work can stimulate further research in the development of on-farm diagnostic tools for other agricultural applications, leading to improved food safety and technology innovation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Wang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Simerdeep Kaur
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ashley Kayabasi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohsen Ranjbaran
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ishaan Rath
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ilan Benschikovski
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bibek Raut
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kyungyeon Ra
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nafisa Rafiq
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohit S Verma
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Ranjbaran M, Verma MS. Bacteroidales as a fecal contamination indicator in fresh produce industry: A baseline measurement. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119641. [PMID: 38064988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne outbreaks caused by fecal contamination of fresh produce represent a serious concern to public health and the economy. As the consumption of fresh produce increases, public health officials and organizations have pushed for improvements in food safety procedures and environmental assessments to reduce the risk of contamination. Visual inspections and the establishment of "buffer zones" between animal feeding operations and producing fields are the current best practices for environmental assessments. However, a generalized distance guideline and visual inspections may not be enough to account for all environmental risk variables. Here, we report a baseline measurement surveying the background Bacteroidales concentration, as a quantitative fecal contamination indicator, in California's Salinas Valley. We collected a total of 1632 samples from two romaine lettuce commercial fields at the time of harvesting through two seasons in a year. The quantification of Bacteroidales concentration was performed using qPCR, revealing a notably low concentration (0-2.00 copies/cm2) in the commercial fields. To further enhance the applicability of our findings, we developed a user-friendly method for real-world fecal contamination risk assessment that seamlessly integrates with industry practices. Through the generation of heatmaps that visually illustrate varying risk levels across fields, this approach can identify site-specific risks and offer fresh produce stakeholders a more comprehensive understanding of their land. We anticipate this work can encourage the use of Bacteroidales in the fresh produce industry to monitor fecal contamination and prevent future foodborne outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Wang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohsen Ranjbaran
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohit S Verma
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fernandez-Tejero N, Sanchez AN, Ghemrawi M, Bilodeau C, Etim S, Duncan G, Cochran M, McCord B. A study of the potential application of digital PCR in the detection of fecal contamination of strawberries using Bacteroides markers. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 212:106811. [PMID: 37611849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne illnesses can result from contamination of agricultural products. In this study, we examined nanoplate digital PCR (dPCR) to test for fecal contamination of agricultural products. In nanoplate technique, the PCR mastermix is divided into 8.526,000 partitions, providing direct detection of individual DNA molecules, with correction by Poisson distribution. In this project, strawberries were inoculated with fecal material from animals, and the result detected by nanoplate digital PCR. A detection limit of 250 fg/uL was determined. Overall, dPCR offers a quick and sensitive method to detect contaminated produce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fernandez-Tejero
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States of America
| | - Alyssa N Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States of America
| | - Mirna Ghemrawi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States of America
| | - Catherine Bilodeau
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Dania Beach, FL 33004, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Etim
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States of America
| | - George Duncan
- Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Dania Beach, FL 33004, United States of America
| | - Matt Cochran
- Cross-Border Threat Screening and Supply Chain Defense, Texas A&M University System, Brazos, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Bruce McCord
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sivaganesan M, Willis JR, Karim M, Babatola A, Catoe D, Boehm AB, Wilder M, Green H, Lobos A, Harwood VJ, Hertel S, Klepikow R, Howard MF, Laksanalamai P, Roundtree A, Mattioli M, Eytcheson S, Molina M, Lane M, Rediske R, Ronan A, D'Souza N, Rose JB, Shrestha A, Hoar C, Silverman AI, Faulkner W, Wickman K, Kralj JG, Servetas SL, Hunter ME, Jackson SA, Shanks OC. Interlaboratory performance and quantitative PCR data acceptance metrics for NIST SRM® 2917. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119162. [PMID: 36191524 PMCID: PMC9932931 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Surface water quality quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technologies are expanding from a subject of research to routine environmental and public health laboratory testing. Readily available, reliable reference material is needed to interpret qPCR measurements, particularly across laboratories. Standard Reference Material® 2917 (NIST SRM® 2917) is a DNA plasmid construct that functions with multiple water quality qPCR assays allowing for estimation of total fecal pollution and identification of key fecal sources. This study investigates SRM 2917 interlaboratory performance based on repeated measures of 12 qPCR assays by 14 laboratories (n = 1008 instrument runs). Using a Bayesian approach, single-instrument run data are combined to generate assay-specific global calibration models allowing for characterization of within- and between-lab variability. Comparable data sets generated by two additional laboratories are used to assess new SRM 2917 data acceptance metrics. SRM 2917 allows for reproducible single-instrument run calibration models across laboratories, regardless of qPCR assay. In addition, global models offer multiple data acceptance metric options that future users can employ to minimize variability, improve comparability of data across laboratories, and increase confidence in qPCR measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mano Sivaganesan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jessica R Willis
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mohammad Karim
- Environmental Services Laboratory, City of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Akin Babatola
- Environmental Services Laboratory, City of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - David Catoe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell Wilder
- Department of Environmental Biology, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Hyatt Green
- Department of Environmental Biology, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Aldo Lobos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie Hertel
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Regina Klepikow
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 7 Laboratory, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Alexis Roundtree
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mia Mattioli
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Eytcheson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marirosa Molina
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Molly Lane
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, MI, USA
| | - Richard Rediske
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, MI, USA
| | - Amanda Ronan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2 Laboratory, Edison, NJ, USA
| | - Nishita D'Souza
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Abhilasha Shrestha
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Hoar
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Andrea I Silverman
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Jason G Kralj
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie L Servetas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Monique E Hunter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Scott A Jackson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Orin C Shanks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Ranjbaran M, Ault A, Verma MS. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay to detect Bacteroidales and assess risk of fecal contamination. Food Microbiol 2022; 110:104173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
6
|
Willis JR, Sivaganesan M, Haugland RA, Kralj J, Servetas S, Hunter ME, Jackson SA, Shanks OC. Performance of NIST SRM® 2917 with 13 recreational water quality monitoring qPCR assays. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 212:118114. [PMID: 35091220 PMCID: PMC10786215 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution remains a significant challenge for recreational water quality management worldwide. In response, there is a growing interest in the use of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods to achieve same-day notification of recreational water quality and associated public health risk as well as to characterize fecal pollution sources for targeted mitigation. However, successful widespread implementation of these technologies requires the development of and access to a high-quality standard control material. Here, we report a single laboratory qPCR performance assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 2917 (NIST SRM® 2917), a linearized plasmid DNA construct that functions with 13 recreational water quality qPCR assays. Performance experiments indicate the generation of standard curves with amplification efficiencies ranging from 0.95 ± 0.006 to 0.99 ± 0.008 and coefficient of determination values (R2) ≥ 0.980. Regardless of qPCR assay, variability in repeated measurements at each dilution level were very low (quantification threshold standard deviations ≤ 0.657) and exhibited a heteroscedastic trend characteristic of qPCR standard curves. The influence of a yeast carrier tRNA added to the standard control material buffer was also investigated. Findings demonstrated that NIST SRM® 2917 functions with all qPCR methods and suggests that the future use of this control material by scientists and water quality managers should help reduce variability in concentration estimates and make results more consistent between laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Willis
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mano Sivaganesan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard A Haugland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason Kralj
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Servetas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Monique E Hunter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Scott A Jackson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Complex Microbial Systems Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Orin C Shanks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu M, Du W, Ai F, Xu F, Zhu J, Yin Y, Ji R, Guo H. Polystyrene microplastics alleviate the effects of sulfamethazine on soil microbial communities at different CO 2 concentrations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125286. [PMID: 33592488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics were reported to adsorb antibiotics and may modify their effects on soil systems. But there has been little research investigating how microplastics may affect the toxicities of antibiotics to microbes under future climate conditions. Here, we used a free-air CO2 enrichment system to investigate the responses of soil microbes to sulfamethazine (SMZ, 1 mg kg-1) in the presence of polystyrene microplastics (PS, 5 mg kg-1) at different CO2 concentrations (ambient at 380 ppm and elevated at 580 ppm). SMZ alone decreased bacterial diversity, negatively affected the bacterial structure and inter-relationships, and enriched the sulfonamide-resistance genes (sul1 and sul2) and class 1 integron (intl1). PS, at both CO2 conditions, showed little effect on soil bacteria but markedly alleviated SMZ's adverse effects on bacterial diversity, composition and structure, and inhibited sul1 transmission by decreasing the intl1 abundance. Elevated CO2 had limited modification in SMZ's disadvantages to microbial communities but markedly decreased the sul1 and sul2 abundance. Results indicated that increasing CO2 concentration or the presence of PS affected the responses of soil microbes to SMZ, providing new insights into the risk prediction of antibiotics under future climate conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Fuxun Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ordaz G, Merino-Mascorro JÁ, García S, Heredia N. Persistence of Bacteroidales and other fecal indicator bacteria on inanimated materials, melon and tomato at various storage conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 299:33-38. [PMID: 30952015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the microbial safety of produce, conventional fecal indicator bacteria (CFIB) such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus are quantified as a standard practice. Bacteroidales are also fecal indicators mostly used for water samples; however, their use and persistence in foods has been rarely studied. In this study, persistence of both CFIB and genetic markers of host-specific Bacteroidales was determined in artificially contaminated materials and vegetables with different textured surfaces under different storage conditions. Sterile feces were contaminated with E. coli, E. faecalis, Bacteroidesthetaiotaomicron (human origin), and Bacteroidales from porcine and bovine origin. Feces were applied to filters of mixed cellulose esters and tomatoes (smooth surface) and flat cork coupons and melons (rough surface) and stored at 10 °C/95% relative humidity (RH) and 25 °C/65%RH for up to 25 days. Bacteroidales markers were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), whereas CFIB were plated onto selective agars. CFIB detection on filters and cork surfaces declined over time. E. coli decreased 2.9 log CFU and 1.2 log CFU per filter and cork, respectively, at 10 °C/95%RH and 5.8 log CFU and 1.8 log CFU per filter and cork, respectively, at 25 °C/65%RH. E. faecalis decreased 1.9 log CFU on filters and 1.3 log CFU on cork at 10 °C/95%RH and 2.6 log CFU/filter and cork under both storage conditions. Although E. coli levels in tomatoes slightly increased during storage, the levels decreased by the end of the assays. However, CFIB levels in melons stored at 10 °C/95%RH increased after 20 days; when stored at 25 °C/65%RH, these levels increased after five days. Bacteroidales levels (universal and host-specific markers) in inanimated material and produce did not show significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) over time. Stability and persistence of Bacteroidales genetic markers make them superior to CFIB as markers and are alternatives for determining the risk of exposure to feces-contaminated produce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Ordaz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - José Ángel Merino-Mascorro
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Santos García
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Norma Heredia
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética de Microorganismos, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|