Consequences of Using Two Types of Skin Samples from Chilled Chicken Broiler Carcasses To Measure the Degree of Contamination by Campylobacter spp

Evaluation of Steam-Ultrasound Decontamination on Naturally Contaminated Broilers through the Analysis of Campylobacter, Total Viable Count, and Enterobacteriaceae

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the decontamination effects of steam-ultrasound application, through specially designed nozzles installed inside a constructed machine, with a capacity of 10,500 birds per h on naturally contaminated broilers. Using three different skin-sampling areas-back, breast, and neck skin-microbial analysis of Campylobacter, Enterobacteriaceae, and total viable count (TVC) was performed before and after steam-ultrasound treatment. In total, 648 skin samples were analyzed for Campylobacter, and 216 samples were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae and TVC. Results showed Campylobacter reductions (P < 0.001) of 0.8, 1.1, and 0.7 log, analyzed from back, breast, and the neck skin samples, respectively. Furthermore, reductions of Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.001) by 1.6, 1.9, and 1.1 log and reductions of TVC (P < 0.001) by 2.0, 2.4, and 1.3 log were found on back, breasts, and neck, respectively. Campylobacter levels were evaluated after 8 days of refrigeration at 4°C in control and steam-ultrasound-treated broilers to determine contamination stability in a small 12-sample trial. The results showed no changes in reductions during refrigeration, indicating that reduced Campylobacter numbers remained stable in treated broilers. This study showed significant bacterial reduction was achieved in three different broiler surface areas at a slaughter speed of 10,500 birds per h at temperatures more than 80°C. The rapid treatment of less than 1.5-s exposure time inside the chamber makes this technology potentially suitable for modern and fast poultry processing lines.

HIGHLIGHTS

Management Strategies for Prevention of Campylobacter Infections Through the Poultry Food Chain: A European Perspective

Numerous studies point out that at present, a complete elimination of Campylobacter species in the poultry food chain is not feasible. Thus, the current aim should be to establish control measures and intervention strategies to minimize the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in livestock (esp. poultry flocks) and to reduce the quantitative Campylobacter burden along the food chain in animals and subsequently in foods. The most effective measures to mitigate Campylobacter focus on the primary production stage. Nevertheless, measures applied during slaughter and processing complement the general meat hygiene approaches by reducing fecal contamination during slaughtering and processing and as a consequence help to reduce Campylobacter in poultry meat. Such intervention measures at slaughter and processing level would include general hygienic improvements, technological innovations and/or decontamination measures that are applied at single slaughter or processing steps. In particular, approaches that do not focus on a single intervention measure would need to be based on a thorough process of evaluation, and potential combinatory effects have to be modeled and tested. Finally, the education of all stakeholders (including retailers, food handlers and consumers) is required and will help to increase awareness for the presence of foodborne pathogens in raw meat and meat products and can thus aid in the development of the required good kitchen hygiene.

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Virulence and Genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni with a Special Reference to the Anti-Virulence Potential of Eugenol and Beta-Resorcylic Acid on Some Multi-Drug Resistant Isolates in Egypt

Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Contaminated chickens and their products are the main sources of human campylobacteriosis. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the genotypic and virulence genes' profiles of multi-drug resistant (MDR) C. jejuni isolates and to assess the effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs) of eugenol and beta-resorcylic acid on the virulence of avian MDR C. jejuni isolates. These isolates were clustered together with the human isolates via enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) fingerprinting. A total of 345 samples were collected from human stool (100) and different chicken (245) samples in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Conventional phenotypic methods identified 113 isolates (32.8%) as C. jejuni, and all C. jejuni isolates were MDR and resistant to erythromycin and ampicillin. The genes virB11, wlaN, and flaA were detected in 52%, 36% and 100% strains, respectively. ERIC-PCR yielded 14 profiles and five main clusters. Interestingly, human and chicken C. jejuni isolates were clustered together in ERIC-PCR clusters II-V, which confirmed the genetic relatedness between the isolates from both origins. Beta-resorcylic acid and eugenol inhibited the invasion of C. jejuni isolates to chicken intestinal cells by 41.66-38.19% and 31.94-29.16%, respectively, and minimized the transcription of flaA, virB11, and wlaN genes in the tested isolates by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). In essence, eugenol and beta-resorcylic acid are promising natural antimicrobials for minimizing the virulence of MDR C. jejuni in chickens, thereby managing human campylobacteriosis.