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Bekavac N, Benković M, Jurina T, Valinger D, Gajdoš Kljusurić J, Jurinjak Tušek A, Šalić A. Advancements in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for Enzyme Extraction, Purification, and Biotransformation. Molecules 2024; 29:3776. [PMID: 39202854 PMCID: PMC11357509 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing need for energy conservation and environmental protection has driven industries to explore more efficient and sustainable processes. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a common method used in various sectors for separating components of liquid mixtures. However, the traditional use of toxic solvents poses significant health and environmental risks, prompting the shift toward green solvents. This review deals with the principles, applications, and advantages of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) as an alternative to conventional LLE. ATPS, which typically utilize water and nontoxic components, offer significant benefits such as high purity and single-step biomolecule extraction. This paper explores the thermodynamic principles of ATPS, factors influencing enzyme partitioning, and recent advancements in the field. Specific emphasis is placed on the use of ATPS for enzyme extraction, showcasing its potential in improving yields and purity while minimizing environmental impact. The review also highlights the role of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in enhancing the efficiency of ATPS, making them viable for industrial applications. The discussion extends to the challenges of integrating ATPS into biotransformation processes, including enzyme stability and process optimization. Through comprehensive analysis, this paper aims to provide insights into the future prospects of ATPS in sustainable industrial practices and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikša Bekavac
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (D.V.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Maja Benković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (D.V.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Tamara Jurina
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (D.V.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Davor Valinger
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (D.V.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Jasenka Gajdoš Kljusurić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (D.V.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Ana Jurinjak Tušek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.B.); (M.B.); (T.J.); (D.V.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Anita Šalić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Le PH, Ho LTT, Le DHT, Nguyen V. Purification of Coffee Polyphenols Extracted from Coffee Pulps ( Coffee arabica L.) Using Aqueous Two-Phase System. Molecules 2023; 28:5922. [PMID: 37570892 PMCID: PMC10420632 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee pulp is an abundant residue from the coffee industry, but it still contains large amounts of valuable compounds such as polyphenols. The extraction of polyphenols from coffee pulp by the conventional method is accompanied by contaminated compounds. This study, therefore, applied an aqueous two-phase system consisting of different ratios of ethanol/ammonium sulfate to eliminate impurities from coffee-pulp crude extract. The purification efficiency was evaluated via total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and two major polyphenols in coffee pulps including chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Results showed that phenolic compounds mostly predominated in the alcohol-rich phase in which the antioxidant activity was greatly increased after the purification process. Compared to un-purified crude-coffee extract, the antioxidant activity of the purified samples increased approximately 34%, which was assumed to occur due to the slight increase of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy supported the effectiveness of the purification process by eliminating some impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Hong Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (L.T.T.H.); (D.H.T.L.); (V.N.)
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Han L, Zhu X, Zhang D, Liu H, Sun B. Peptide-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymer: A Visual and Digital Platform for Specific Recognition and Detection of Ethyl Carbamate. ACS Sens 2023; 8:694-703. [PMID: 36706033 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A visual and digital platform was constructed by peptide-based molecularly imprinted polymers (PMIPs) for specific recognition and detection of ethyl carbamate (EC). Here, the optosensing core was creatively constructed by the covalent assembly of dipeptides (H-Phe-Phe-OH) and genipin biomolecules for high fluorescence quantum yield and dual-signal response capability. MIPs were wrapped in the shell of the optosensing core for selectivity of EC from actual samples of alcoholic beverages. The genipin-FF nanoparticles (GFPNs)@PMIPs exhibited dual-band red-blue fluorescence image with a low detection limit of 0.817 and 1.65 μg L-1, respectively, in the optimal linear range of 2-240 μg L-1. The accuracy of this method was verified by the spiked recovery experiment, and a good recovery from 83.97 to 106.75% of the proposed optosensing method was obtained. In addition, a smartphone application was coupled with GFPNs@PMIPs to realize online real-time detection of EC. With the addition of EC, the color change of G and B values was negligible compared with the R value. This work also provides a potential method for on-site visual detection of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxuan Han
- Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing100048, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing100048, China
| | - Dianwei Zhang
- Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing100048, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing100048, China
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Magollah TM, Kim HR, Ko JY, Park SY, Kwon SY, Kim YK, Lee JH, Seo YS, Yang JY, Lee YB. Comparison of Extraction Methods and Extraction Optimization in Aqueous Two-Phase System for Ethyl Carbamate Analysis in Model Systems for Maesil Wine. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022; 27:234-240. [PMID: 35919573 PMCID: PMC9309073 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.2.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a known carcinogen, and therefore its intake is regulated internationally. The objectives of this study were to compare the EC recovery yields under different liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) conditions and to investigate the optimum conditions of the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) for EC extraction. Our results showed that for the LLE method, addition of 15% NaCl improved the EC yield by 15%, and dichloromethane as the extraction solvent showed a slightly higher yield (about 5%) than chloroform. However, there was little difference in the yield when mixing was performed using an ultrasonic bath compared to a vortex mixer. Using response surface methodology with central composite design to analyze the ATPS results, optimal extraction was found to occur at 21.5°C for 2.8 h in the sample containing 70% alcohol and 15% phosphate, showing a recovery yield of 75.64%. This information can be applied to alcoholic beverages and other fermented food products to analyze EC with better extraction methods, depending on the types of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabu Mungia Magollah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Hyo-Rim Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Ko
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Yu-Kyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Seo
- Central Laboratory, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Yang-Bong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
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Ma Z, Zhao T, Cui S, Zhao X, Fan Y, Song J. Determination of ethyl carbamate in wine by matrix modification-assisted headspace single-drop microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Food Chem 2022; 373:131573. [PMID: 34785112 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the analysis of ethyl carbamate in wine has been developed by coupling matrix modification-assisted headspace single-drop microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The method was developed by optimizing the matrix modifier and extraction parameters. The calibration method was followed by quantifying the internal isotope standard. The results suggested that the method was linear in the concentration range of 2-1000 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9996). The method presents a detection limit of 1.5 ng/mL, and the quantification limit is 5 ng/mL. The accuracy ranged between 94.9 and 99.9%, and the precision of the method was less than 5%. The method was applied for the detection of wine samples, and the results exhibited no significant difference when compared to the solid phase extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Ma
- Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Food and Drug Inspection Institute, Xinjiang, 841000 Korla, China.
| | - Tingyong Zhao
- Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Food and Drug Inspection Institute, Xinjiang, 841000 Korla, China
| | - Shiyao Cui
- Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Food and Drug Inspection Institute, Xinjiang, 841000 Korla, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Food and Drug Inspection Institute, Xinjiang, 841000 Korla, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Food and Drug Inspection Institute, Xinjiang, 841000 Korla, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Food and Drug Inspection Institute, Xinjiang, 841000 Korla, China
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Han L, Meng C, Zhang D, Liu H, Sun B. Fabrication of a fluorescence probe via molecularly imprinted polymers on carbazole-based covalent organic frameworks for optosensing of ethyl carbamate in fermented alcoholic beverages. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Abt E, Incorvati V, Robin LP, Redan BW. Occurrence of Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages: Review of the Formation Mechanisms, Advances in Analytical Methods, and Mitigation Strategies. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2195-2212. [PMID: 34347857 PMCID: PMC9092314 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a process contaminant that can be formed as a by-product during fermentation and processing of foods and beverages. Elevated EC concentrations are primarily associated with distilled spirits, but this compound has also been found at lower concentrations in foods and beverages, including breads, soy sauce, and wine. Evidence from animal studies suggests that EC is a probable human carcinogen. Consequently, several governmental institutions have established allowable limits for EC in the food supply. This review includes EC formation mechanisms, occurrence of EC in the food supply, and EC dietary exposure assessments. Current analytical methods used to detect EC will be covered, in addition to emerging technologies, such as nanosensors and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Various mitigation methods have been used to maintain EC concentrations below allowable limits, including distillation, enzymatic treatments, and genetic engineering of yeast. More research in this field is needed to refine mitigation strategies and develop methods to rapidly detect EC in the food supply. HIGHLIGHTS
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Insights into coacervative and dispersive liquid-phase microextraction strategies with hydrophilic media – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1143:225-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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