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Su Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Jin G, Zhang A. Signature of Sr isotope ratios and the contents of elements as a tool to distinguish wine regions in China. Food Chem 2024; 446:138812. [PMID: 38408400 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated 120 Chinese wines from seven regions and had two objectives: to clarify the Sr isotope ratios and elemental characteristics of each region and to develop a strategy to distinguish the geographic origin of wine without authentic samples to predict its origin. The analyzed 87Sr/86Sr values ranged from 0.708256 to 0.715148, which correlated with the geological characteristics of the regions where they were grown. The Hexi Corridor exhibited the highest ratios of Sr isotopes, while Xinjiang had the lowest. The 87Sr/86Sr values were applied to establish a prediction map which was evaluated through cross-validation. The prediction error was found to be less than 0.00074. The Sr isotope ratio could remain stable for an extended period in a specific location. This map shows the feasibility of identifying wine origin and could be applied to other food products. Adding Sr isotope ratios could improve the accuracy in tracing wine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Su
- Technology Center of Qinhuangdao Customs, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China; Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Wine Quality & Safety Testing, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Jiancai Zhang
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Lishan Wang
- Technology Center of Qinhuangdao Customs, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Wine Quality & Safety Testing, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Gang Jin
- Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, PR China.
| | - Ang Zhang
- Technology Center of Qinhuangdao Customs, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Wine Quality & Safety Testing, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
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Temerdashev Z, Abakumov A, Khalafyan A, Bolshov M, Lukyanov A, Vasilyev A, Gipich E. The Influence of the Soil Profile on the Formation of the Elemental Image of Grapes and Wine of the Cabernet Sauvignon Variety. Molecules 2024; 29:2251. [PMID: 38792113 PMCID: PMC11124139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The features for assessing the authenticity of wines by region of origin are studied, based on the relationship between the mineral composition of the wine, the grapes, and the soil profile (0 to 160 cm) from the place of growth of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. Soil, grape, and wine samples were taken from the territories of six vineyards in the Anapa district of Krasnodar Territory, Russia. Using the methods of ICP-OES, thermal, and X-ray phase analysis, the soils were differentiated into three groups, differing in mineralogical and mineral compositions. The soil samples of the first group contained up to 31% quartz, the second group up to 25% quartz and 19% mixed calcite, and the third group up to 32% calcite and 15% quartz. The formation of the elemental image of the grapes was studied, taking into account the total content and mobile forms of metals in the soil. The territorial proximity of the vineyards did not affect the extraction of elements from the soil into the grape berry, and the migration of metals for each territory was selective. According to the values of the biological absorption coefficient, the degree of transition of metals from the soil to a berry was estimated. For K, Ti, Zn, Rb, Cu, and Fe in all berries, the coefficient was higher than 1.00, which means that the berry extracts contained not only mobile-form, but also difficult-to-dissolve metal compounds. The migration of macro-components from the soil to the berry was low, and amounted to 6-7% for Ca, 0.8-3.0% for Na, and 25-70% for Mg of the concentration of their mobile forms. For all territories, the maximum correlation between metal concentrations in grapes and soil was observed for samples from a depth of 0-40 cm. The discriminant model based on concentrations of Rb, Al, K, Sr, Co, Na, Pb, Ca, and Ni showed the formation of clusters in the territories of vineyard cultivation. The developed model allow the problems of identifying wines by region to be solved with high accuracy, using their elemental image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaual Temerdashev
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia; (Z.T.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Aleksey Abakumov
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia; (Z.T.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Alexan Khalafyan
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia; (Z.T.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Mikhail Bolshov
- Institute for Spectroscopy Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow 108840, Russia;
| | - Aleksey Lukyanov
- North Caucasian Federal Research Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine–Making, Krasnodar 350072, Russia;
| | - Alexander Vasilyev
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia; (Z.T.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Evgeniy Gipich
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia; (Z.T.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
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Dehelean A, Feher I, Romulus P, Magdas DA, Covaciu FD, Kasza AM, Curean V, Cristea G. Influence of Geographical Origin on Isotopic and Elemental Compositions of Pork Meat. Foods 2023; 12:4271. [PMID: 38231739 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs are a primary source of meat, accounting for over 30% of global consumption. Consumers' preferences are determined by health considerations, paying more attention to foodstuffs quality, animal welfare, place of origin, and swine feeding regime, and being willing to pay a higher price for a product from a certain geographical region. In this study, the isotopic fingerprints (δ2H, δ18O, and δ13C) and 29 elements of loin pork meat samples were corroborated with chemometric methods to obtain the most important variables that could classify the samples' geographical origin. δ2H and δ18O values ranged from -71.0 to -21.2‱, and from -9.3 to -2.8‱, respectively. The contents of macro- and micro-essential elements are presented in the following order: K > Na > Mg > Ca > Zn > Fe > Cu > Cr. The LDA model assigned in the initial classification showed 91.4% separation of samples, while for the cross-validation procedure, a percentage of 90% was obtained. δ2H, K, Rb, and Pd were identified as the most representative parameters to differentiate the pork meat samples coming from Romania vs. those from abroad. The mean values of metal concentrations were used to estimate the potential health risks associated with the consumption of pork meat The results showed that none of the analyzed metals (As, Cd, Sn, Pb, Cu, and Zn) pose a carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Dehelean
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Feher
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Puscas Romulus
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Alina Magdas
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florina-Dorina Covaciu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Angela Maria Kasza
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Victor Curean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Cristea
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Thomatou AA, Mazarakioti EC, Zotos A, Kontogeorgos A, Patakas A, Ladavos A. Application of Stable Isotope Analysis for Detecting the Geographical Origin of the Greek Currants "Vostizza": A Preliminary Study. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081672. [PMID: 37107467 PMCID: PMC10137848 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a plethora of food products with geographical indications registered in the European Union without any study about their discrimination from other similar products. This is also the case for Greek currants. This paper aims to analyze if stable isotope analysis of C, N, and S could discriminate the Greek currants "Vositzza", registered as a product of Protected Designation of Origin, from two other currants registered as products of Protected Geographical Indication coming from neighboring areas. The first results show that the stable isotope ratio of sulfur is not detectable due to the very low sulfur content in the samples, and the analysis should be based on the stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen to discriminate these products. The mean value of δ15N (1.38‱) of PDO "Vostizza" currants is lower than that of currants grown outside the PDO zone (2.01‱), while the mean value of δ13C of PDO "Vostizza" currants is higher (-23.93‱) in comparison to that of currants grown outside the PDO zone (-24.83‱). Nevertheless, the results indicate that with only two isotopic ratios, discrimination could not be achieved, and further analysis is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Akrivi Thomatou
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Eleni C Mazarakioti
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Anastasios Zotos
- Department of Biosystems Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Patras, 30200 Messolongi, Greece
| | - Achilleas Kontogeorgos
- Department of Agriculture, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angelos Patakas
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Athanasios Ladavos
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
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5
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Recent advances in Chinese food authentication and origin verification using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 398:133896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Analysis of Volatile Aroma Compounds and Sensory Characteristics Contributing to Regional Style of Red Wines from Hexi Corridor Based on Sixteen Grape Varieties/Clones. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hexi Corridor is an excellent region for high-quality wines in China, but the characteristic and style of red wine from this region is unclear. To elucidate the regional style of red wines from Hexi Corridor, the aroma properties of red wines made from 16 different varieties/clones of grapes were comprehensively analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS, sensory evaluation, odor activity value method, and partial least squares regression analyses. We identified 52 aroma compounds and found that floral and black berry provided a good reference for shaping red wine style and selecting related varieties in Hexi Corridor region. Ethyl caproate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, ethyl 9-decenoate, and hexyl alcohol, which were the characteristic aroma substances of Hexi Corridor red wines, had positive effects on the floral aroma of Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, and Malbec wines. Hexyl alcohol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol also contributed to the black berry and spice aromas, while isobutyl acetate opposed the expression of these aromas of Malbec and Cabernet Franc wines. These results showed that the sensory characteristics of floral and black berry are of vital significance in shaping the red wine style of Hexi Corridor, among which ethyl caproate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, ethyl 9-decenoate, and hexyl alcohol are important contributors.
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Multi-Element Analysis and Origin Discrimination of Panax notoginseng Based on Inductively Coupled Plasma Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092982. [PMID: 35566332 PMCID: PMC9105934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is an important functional health product, and has been used worldwide because of a wide range of pharmacological activities, of which the taproot is the main edible or medicinal part. However, the technologies for origin discrimination still need to be further studied. In this study, an ICP-MS/MS method for the accurate determination of 49 elements was established, whereby the instrumental detection limits (LODs) were between 0.0003 and 7.716 mg/kg, whereas the quantification limits (LOQs) were between 0.0011 and 25.7202 mg/kg, recovery of the method was in the range of 85.82% to 104.98%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were lower than 10%. Based on the content of multi-element in P. notoginseng (total of 89 mixed samples), the discriminant models of origins and cultivation models were accurately determined by the neural networks (prediction accuracy was 0.9259 and area under ROC curve was 0.9750) and the support vector machine algorithm (both 1.0000), respectively. The discriminant models established in this study could be used to support transparency and traceability of supply chains of P. notoginseng and thus avoid the fraud of geographic identification.
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9
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Gao F, Hao X, Zeng G, Guan L, Wu H, Zhang L, Wei R, Wang H, Li H. Identification of the geographical origin of Ecolly (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes and wines from different Chinese regions by ICP-MS coupled with chemometrics. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Hao X, Gao F, Wu H, Song Y, Zhang L, Li H, Wang H. From Soil to Grape and Wine: Geographical Variations in Elemental Profiles in Different Chinese Regions. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123108. [PMID: 34945659 PMCID: PMC8701803 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elemental profiles are frequently applied to identify the geographical origin and authenticity of food products, to guarantee quality. The concentrations of fifteen major, minor, and trace elements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Li, Cd, Cs, and Ba) were determined in soils, “Meili” grapes, and wines from six regions in China by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The elemental concentrations in these samples, according to the geographical origins, were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan’s multiple comparisons. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) from soil to grape and the transfer factor (TF) from grape to wine were calculated. Mg, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, and Ba presented higher BCF values than the other seven elements. The TF values of six elements (Na, Mg, K, Zn, Li, and Cs) were found to be greater than one. Moreover, the correlation of element content between the pairs of soil–grape, grape–wine, and bioconcentration factor (BCF)–environmental factor were analyzed. Significant correspondences among soil, grape, and wine were observed for K and Li. Two elements (Sr and Li) showed significant correlations between BCF and environmental factor (relative humidity, temperature, and latitude). A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with three variables (K, Sr, Li) revealed a high accuracy (>90%) to determine the geographical origin for different Chinese regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Hao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.H.); (F.G.); (L.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Feifei Gao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.H.); (F.G.); (L.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hao Wu
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen 518033, China;
| | - Yangbo Song
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Qinghai University, Xining 810015, China;
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.H.); (F.G.); (L.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hua Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.H.); (F.G.); (L.Z.); (H.L.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.H.); (F.G.); (L.Z.); (H.L.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +86-8709-1099
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Zhang J, Yang R, Li YC, Ni X. The Role of Soil Mineral Multi-elements in Improving the Geographical Origin Discrimination of Tea (Camellia sinensis). Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4330-4341. [PMID: 33409909 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of mineral multi-elements with chemometrics can effectively trace the geographical origin of tea (Camellia sinensis). However, the role of soil mineral multi-elements in discriminating the origin of tea was unknown. This study aimed to further validate whether the geographical origin of tea can be authenticated based on mineral multi-elements, the concentrations of which in tea leaves were significantly correlated with those in soil. Eighty-seven tea leaves samples and paired soils from Meitan and Fenggang (MTFG), Anshun, and Leishan in China were sampled, and 24 mineral elements were measured. The data were processed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA). Results indicated that tea and soil samples from different origins differed significantly (p < 0.05) in terms of most mineral multi-elemental concentrations. Conversely, the intra-regional differences of different cultivars of the same origin were relatively minor. Seventeen mineral elements in tea leaves were significantly correlated with those in soils. The SLDA model, based on the 17 aforementioned elements, produced a 98.85% accurate classification rate. In addition, the origin was also identified satisfactorily with 94.25% accuracy when considering the cultivar effect. In conclusion, the tea plant cultivars unaffected the accuracy of the discrimination rate. The geographical origin of tea could be authenticated based on the mineral multi-elements with significant correlation between tea leaves and soils. Soil mineral multi-elements played an important role in identifying the geographical origin of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Ruidong Yang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Yuncong C Li
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA
| | - Xinran Ni
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Multielement Principal Component Analysis and Origin Traceability of Rice Based on ICP-MS/MS. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5536241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this experiment, inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) was used to determine the content of 30 elements in rice from six places of production and to explore the relationship between the multielement content in rice and the producing area. The contents of Ca, P, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, K, Mg, Na, Ge, Sb, Ba, Ti, V, Se, As, Sr, Mo, Ni, Co, Cr, Al, Li, Cs, Pb, Cd, B, In, and Sn in rice were determined by ICP-MS/MS in the SQ and MS/MS mode. By passing H2, O2, He, and NH3/He reaction gas into the ICP-MS/MS, respectively, the interference was eliminated by means of in situ mass spectrometry and mass transfer. The detection limit of each element was 0.0000662–0.144 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification was in the range of 0.000221–0.479 mg/kg, the linear correlation coefficient was greater or equal to 0.9987 (R2 ≥ 0.9987), and the detection results had low detection limit and great linear regression. Recovery of the method was in the range of 80.6% to 110.5% with spike levels of 0.10–100.00 mg/kg, and relative standard deviations were lower than 10%. For the multielement content of rice from different producing areas, the principal component factor analysis can get six principal component factors, 87.878% cumulative contribution rate, and the distribution of the principal component scores of each element and different producing areas. Based on the multielement content and cluster analysis, the samples were accurately divided into two major categories and six subcategories according to the places of production, which proved that there was a significant correlation between the multielement content in rice and the place of production, so that the place of rice origin can be traced.
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Müller TM, Zhong Q, Fan S, Wang D, Fauhl-Hassek C. What's in a wine? - A spot check of the integrity of European wine sold in China based on anthocyanin composition, stable isotope and glycerol impurity analysis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1289-1300. [PMID: 33955804 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1916097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The international wine market has been repeatedly hit by cases of fraud in recent decades. While several studies attested a special vulnerability of the fast growing wine business in China, reports on chemical analyses of commercial wine samples are rare. We examined 50 predominantly red wines with European labelling, which were purchased on the Chinese market, for fraud-relevant parameters. More than 20% of the tested samples revealed anomalies in relation to the stable isotope ratios of D/H, 18O/16O and 13C/12C, contents of technical glycerol by-products or anthocyanin composition. These results strongly suggested watering of the wines, chaptalisation, glycerol addition or the use of non-Vitis anthocyanin sources, respectively. Some of these samples also showed suspicious spelling errors or other irregularities in the labelling, but the majority appeared genuine to the eye. Hence, this spot check demonstrates the importance of chemical authenticity analysis of market samples in order to detect fraudulent products. Moreover, we used the same sample set for an evaluation of the Chinese standard method for carbon stable isotope determination of wine ethanol in comparison to the current OIV (International Organisation of Vine and Wine) standard method. The results of a Bland-Altman analysis indicated that the methods can be applied interchangeably. As the two methods differ in their workflow and in the requested equipment, this might eventually enable more laboratories to perform 13C/12C analysis of wine and spirits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Müller
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qiding Zhong
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd. (CNRIFFI), National Food Fermentation Standardization Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangxi Fan
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd. (CNRIFFI), National Food Fermentation Standardization Center, Beijing, China
| | - Daobing Wang
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd. (CNRIFFI), National Food Fermentation Standardization Center, Beijing, China
| | - Carsten Fauhl-Hassek
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Safety in the Food Chain, Berlin, Germany
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