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Gonda M, Rufo C, Gonzalez-Andujar JL, Vero S. Mitigating aflatoxin B1 in high-moisture sorghum silage: Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 prediction. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1360343. [PMID: 38846571 PMCID: PMC11153755 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1360343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), a frequent contaminant in silage, is a significant producer of aflatoxins, notably the potent carcinogen aflatoxin B1. This contaminant poses a potential risk during the initial aerobic phase of ensiling. The present work studied the impact of temperature on A. flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production in laboratory-scale sorghum silos during the initial aerobic phase. Growth curves of A. flavus were generated at various temperatures and modeled with the Gompertz model. Results indicated that the optimal temperature range for the maximum growth rate in sorghum mini-silos is between 25 and 30°C. Mold biomass and aflatoxin B1 levels were quantified using qPCR and HPLC, respectively. A predictive model for aflatoxin B1 synthesis in the initial ensiling phase was established, in function of grain moisture, external temperature, and time. Within the studied range, A. flavus's initial concentration did not significantly influence aflatoxin B1 production. According to the model maximum aflatoxin production is expected at 30% moisture and 25°C temperature, after 6 days in the aerobic phase. Aflatoxin B1 production in such conditions was corroborated experimentally. Growth curves and aflatoxin B1 production highlighted that at 48 h of incubation under optimal conditions, aflatoxin B1 concentrations in mini-silos exceeded national legislation limits, reaching values close to 100 ppb. These results underscore the risk associated with A. flavus presence in ensiling material, emphasizing the importance of controlling its development in sorghum silos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gonda
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Área Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Caterina Rufo
- Laboratorio de Alimentos y Nutrición, Instituto Polo Tecnológico, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Pando, Uruguay
| | | | - Silvana Vero
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Área Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Qiu Z, Wu F, Hu H, Guo J, Wu C, Wang P, Ling J, Cui Y, Ye J, Fang G, Liu X. Deciphering the Microbiological Mechanisms Underlying the Impact of Different Storage Conditions on Rice Grain Quality. Foods 2024; 13:266. [PMID: 38254567 PMCID: PMC10814994 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Different storage conditions can influence microbial community structure and metabolic functions, affecting rice grains' quality. However, the microbiological mechanisms by which different storage conditions affect the quality of rice grains are not yet well understood. This study monitored the quality (the content of starch, protein, etc.) and microbial community structure of rice grains stored under different storage conditions with nitrogen gas atmosphere (RA: normal temperature, horizontal ventilation, RB: normal temperature, vertical ventilation, RC: quasi-low temperature, horizontal ventilation). The results revealed that the rice grains stored under condition RB exhibited significantly lower quality compared to condition RA and RC. In addition, under this condition, the highest relative abundance of Aspergillus (16.0%) and Penicillium (0.4%) and the highest levels of aflatoxin A (3.77 ± 0.07 μg/kg) and ochratoxin B1 (3.19 ± 0.05 μg/kg) were detected, which suggested a higher risk of fungal toxin contamination. Finally, co-occurrence network analysis was performed, and the results revealed that butyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with Moesziomyces and Alternaria. These findings will contribute to the knowledge base of rice storage management and guide the development of effective control measures against undesirable microbial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhu Qiu
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Fenghua Wu
- College of Food & Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (F.W.); (H.H.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (P.W.)
- National Grain Industry (High-Quality Rice Storage in Temperate and Humid Region) Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Food & Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (F.W.); (H.H.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (P.W.)
- National Grain Industry (High-Quality Rice Storage in Temperate and Humid Region) Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Food & Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (F.W.); (H.H.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (P.W.)
- National Grain Industry (High-Quality Rice Storage in Temperate and Humid Region) Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Changling Wu
- College of Food & Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (F.W.); (H.H.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (P.W.)
- National Grain Industry (High-Quality Rice Storage in Temperate and Humid Region) Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food & Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (F.W.); (H.H.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (P.W.)
- National Grain Industry (High-Quality Rice Storage in Temperate and Humid Region) Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jiangang Ling
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China; (J.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yan Cui
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China; (J.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jing Ye
- Zhejiang Tongqu Grain Storage Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324000, China;
| | - Guanyu Fang
- College of Food & Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (F.W.); (H.H.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Xingquan Liu
- National Grain Industry (High-Quality Rice Storage in Temperate and Humid Region) Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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