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Zhang S, Luo T, Weng Y, Wang D, Sun L, Yu Z, Zhao Y, Liang S, Ren H, Zheng X, Jin Y, Qi X. Toxicologic effect and transcriptome analysis for sub-chronic exposure to carbendazim, prochloraz, and their combination on the liver of mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:5500-5512. [PMID: 38123780 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim (CBZ) and prochloraz (PCZ) are broad-spectrum fungicides used in agricultural peat control. Both fungicides leave large amounts of residues in fruits and are toxic to non-target organisms. However, the combined toxicity of the fungicides to non-target organisms is still unknown. Therefore, we characterized the toxic effects of dietary supplementation with CBZ, PCZ, and their combination for 90 days in 6-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. CBZ-H (100 mg/kg day), PCZ-H (10 mg/kg day), and their combination treatments increased the relative liver weights and caused liver injury. The serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glucose (Glu), pyruvate (PYR), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were reduced, and synergistic toxicity was observed. Hepatic transcriptome revealed that 326 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of liver were observed in the CBZ treatment group, 149 DEGs in the PCZ treatment group, and 272 DEGs in the combination treatment group. According to KEGG enrichment analysis, the fungicides and their combination affected lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and ferroptosis. In addition, the relative mRNA levels of key genes involved in lipid metabolism were also examined. Compared with individual exposure, combined exposure to CBZ and PCZ caused a more obvious decrease in the expression of some genes related to glycolipid metabolism. Furthermore, the relative mRNA levels of some key genes in the combination treatment group were lower than those in the CBZ and PCZ treated groups. In summary, CBZ, PCZ, and their combination generally caused hepatotoxicity and glycolipid metabolism disorders, which could provide new insights for investigating the combined toxicity of multiple fungicides to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - You Weng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Li Sun
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zheping Yu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Senmiao Liang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Haiying Ren
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiliang Zheng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xingjiang Qi
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311231, China.
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Wang H, Sun J, Liu Q, Li C, Luan Y. Dissipation and Dietary Risk Assessment of Prochloraz in Strawberries under Greenhouse Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:7498. [PMID: 38005220 PMCID: PMC10672735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prochloraz and its metabolites in strawberries have not been determined until now. Meanwhile, few reports in the literature have concerned the dissipation behavior and risk assessment of prochloraz and its metabolites in strawberries under greenhouse conditions in Beijing. A method for the determination of prochloraz and its metabolites in strawberries was developed using QuEChERS in combination with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Prochloraz and its metabolites recovered from strawberries were present in concentrations of 73.06% to 116.01%, their RSDs ranged from 1.12% to 9.17%, and their limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 1 μg kg-1. Then, a study was conducted on the dissipation of prochloraz in strawberries under greenhouse conditions. The dissipation of prochloraz in strawberries followed the first-order kinetic equation, and its half-life was 8.06 days. The health risk associated with prochloraz in strawberries was evaluated using the target hazard quotient (THQ) method and EFSA PRIMo model. The results showed that the THQ values, %ARfD values, and %ADI values were less than 1. These results indicate that no health concerns of prochloraz are associated with the consumption of the studied strawberries. The government can use the results of this study to support the establishment of a maximum residue level for prochloraz in strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (H.W.)
| | - Jian Sun
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China;
| | - Qingju Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (H.W.)
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (H.W.)
| | - Yunxia Luan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (H.W.)
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Kang SM, Won JH, Han JE, Kim JH, Kim KH, Jeong HI, Sung SH. Chromatographic Method for Monitoring of Pesticide Residues and Risk Assessment for Herbal Decoctions Used in Traditional Korean Medicine Clinics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083343. [PMID: 37110577 PMCID: PMC10142989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of pesticide residues in herbs and the herbal products derived from them raises serious health concerns. This study was conducted to investigate the residual pesticide concentrations and assess potential human health risks from herbal medicines used in traditional Korean medicine clinics. A total of 40 samples of herbal decoctions were collected from 10 external herbal dispensaries. The pesticide residues were analyzed by the multiresidue method for 320 different pesticides using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). As a result of the monitoring, carbendazim was detected at 0.01 and 0.03 μg/g in eight samples and no pesticide was detected in the other herbal decoctions. Carbendazim was set for each individual item as less than 0.05 μg/g in Paeoniae radix, less than 0.05 μg/g in Cassiae semen, less than 2.0 μg/g in Lycii fructus, and less than 10 μg/g in Schisandrae fructus (dried). Therefore, the results of this study suggested that the detected pesticide residues in herbal decoctions could not be considered as posing a serious health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Mi Kang
- Department of Public Infrastructure Operation, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Won
- Department of Public Infrastructure Operation, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Han
- Department of Policy Development, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medical Classics and History, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Han Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-In Jeong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Sung
- Department of Policy Development, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Republic of Korea
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Fan JC, An J, Ren R, Liu SY, He HL, Zhao G. Occurrence and exposure risk assessment of pesticide residues in green tea samples cultivated in Hangzhou area, China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:8-13. [PMID: 35879826 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of pesticide residues in 105 green tea samples grown in Hangzhou area were investigated. Of the 14 pesticides analysed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the 27 pesticides analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, only 18 were detected in the tea samples. The most frequently detected pesticide residues were imidacloprid (35.2%), acetamiprid (26.7%), carbendazim (21.0%), bifenthrin (21.0%), and cyhalothrin (19.1%). Carbofuran was the only pesticide which exceeded in one sample the maximum residue limit. The concentrations of the analytes in tea samples ranged from below the limit of detection (LOD) to 2.64 mg/kg. Their mean concentrations were all below the LOD, except for imidacloprid, acetamiprid, carbendazim, bifenthrin and cyhalothrin. Based on a preliminary long-term exposure assessment, the hazard quotient values of the detected pesticides varied in the range 0.47 × 10-3 - 1.1 × 10-3%, which indicates that these levels did not pose a risk to human health in Hangzhou area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Cai Fan
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun An
- Zhejiang Evergreen Environmental Sci & Tech Co., Ltd., Hanghzou, P. R. China
| | - Ren Ren
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Li He
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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