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Hernández-Ledesma A, Cabrera-Díaz E, Arvizu-Medrano SM, Gómez-Baltazar A, Hernández-Iturriaga M, Godínez-Oviedo A. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica isolated from foods, humans, and the environment in Mexico. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 391-393:110135. [PMID: 36827747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica genotypic and phenotypic characteristics play an important role in its pathogenesis, which could be influenced by its origin. This study evaluated the association among the antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and origin of circulating S. enterica strains in Mexico, isolated from foods, humans, and the environment. The antimicrobial susceptibility to fourteen antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer method (n = 117), and the presence of thirteen virulence genes by multiplex PCR (n = 153) and by sequence alignments (n = 2963) were evaluated. In addition, a set of S. enterica isolates from Mexico (n = 344) previously characterized according to their genotypic and phenotypic print was included to increase the coverage of the association analysis. Strains with the presence of sopE and strains with the absence of sspH1 were significantly associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes (p < 0.05). The origin of the strains had significant associations with the antimicrobial profiles and some virulence genes (hilA, orgA, sifA, ssaQ, sseL, sspH1, pefA, and spvC) (p < 0.05). Animal-origin food isolates showed the highest frequency of MDR (57.2 %), followed by human isolates (30.0 %). Also, sspH1, pefA, and spvC were found in major frequency in human (32.4 %, 31.0 %, 31.7 %) and animal-origin foods (41.6 %, 10.6 %, 10.6 %) isolates. The findings highlighted that antimicrobial profiles and specific virulence genes of S. enterica strains are related to their origin. Similar genotypic and phenotypic characteristics between human and animal-origin foods isolates were found, suggesting that animal-origin foods isolates are the most responsible for human cases. The revealed associations can be used to improve risk estimation assessments in national food safety surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hernández-Ledesma
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Col. Las Campanas, 76010 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - E Cabrera-Díaz
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200, Mexico
| | - S M Arvizu-Medrano
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Col. Las Campanas, 76010 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - A Gómez-Baltazar
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Col. Las Campanas, 76010 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - M Hernández-Iturriaga
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Col. Las Campanas, 76010 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico
| | - A Godínez-Oviedo
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Col. Las Campanas, 76010 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
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