Effect of thermocycling and surface treatment on repair bond strength of composite

The effect of different treatment protocols on shear bond strength in resin composite restoration repair

BACKGROUND

It was aimed to investigate the effect of sandblasting and laser surface treatment on shear bond strength in composite restoration repair in vitro.

METHODS

A micro-hybrid composite (Filtek Z250, 3 M-ESPE, USA) was used to prepare 120 samples. The samples were subjected to a thermal cycle test 5,000 times between 5 and 55 0C, and they were randomly divided into 12 groups (n = 10). No surface treatment was performed in Groups 1 to 4, which were designed as control groups. The surfaces of the samples in Groups 5 to 8 were sandblasted with a Cojet device, and the surfaces of the samples in Groups 9 to 12 were applied Er, Cr: YSGG laser. After the sample surfaces were divided into groups with and without acid etching, universal adhesive was applied, and the repair process was performed using Filtek Z250 or nano-filled resin composite (Filtek Ultimate, 3 M-ESPE, USA). The thermal cycle test was repeated 5,000 times between 5 and 55 0C on all repaired samples. The repair shear bond strength of the samples was measured using a universal testing device (Shimadzu IG-IS, Kyoto, Japan). The fracture types were evaluated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analyses of the findings were evaluated by the Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney U test at 0.05 significance degree.

RESULTS

The highest mean shear bond strength values were obtained from the samples sandblasted with CoJet, followed by Er, Cr: YSGG laser, and the control group. It was determined that there was a significant difference between the mean shear bond strength values obtained from the control group and the other surface treatment groups (p < 0.05). In general, significantly higher mean shear bond strength values were obtained when the universal adhesive was applied in total-etch mode compared to the application in self-etch mode (p < 0.05). Additionally, it was determined that higher shear bond strength values were obtained with Filtek Ultimate compared to Filtek Z250 (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the use of universal adhesive in total-etch mode, in addition to surface treatments on the resin composite surface in the repair protocol and the use of nano-filled resin composite as repair material can increase the mean shear bond values in repair.

Influence of 3D printing system, postpolymerization and aging protocols on resin flexural strength and dimensional stability for printing occlusal splints, models and temporary restorations

OBJECTIVES

Investigate the effect of different postpolymerization protocols, aging, and 3D printing systems on the flexural strength (σ), dimensional stability, and roughness of resins used to fabricate occlusal splints, dental models, and temporary restorations.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

180 bars (25 × 2 x 2 mm-ISO 4049) of each type of resin (T-Temporary/Cosmos Temp, Yller; OS-Occlusal splint/Cosmos Splint, Yller; MO - Models/ Cosmos Model, Yller) were printed and divided into 12 groups (n = 15) according to the factors: "Postpolymerization" (Ctr - Control; UV - Ultraviolet oven and MW - Microwave); "Printer" (SLA- stereolithography (Forms 2/Formslab); LCD- liquid crystal display (FlashForge Foto 6.0/FlashForge)) and "Aging" (TC - 10,000 thermocycling cycles and Without). Each bar was measured with a digital caliper at 11 points before and after postpolymerization to evaluate dimensional stability. The samples were subjected to the σ test (100Kgf;1 mm/min). Data was evaluated using Three- and Two-way ANOVA, and Tukey's test (5%). Weibull analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopic and optical profilometry was performed.

RESULTS

LCD printing system and UV oven postpolymerization exhibited the highest σ (P < .05). The groups printed in SLA and post-polymerized in microwave ovens showed the greatest variations in their dimensions, for the occlusal splint resin, the OS-SLA-MW group (-4.29 ± 3.15)A showed a shrinkage of 40.2%. The resins for models (3.31 ± 0.66)A and temporary (-2.06 ± 1.52)A showed a shrinkage of 33% and 20.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

LCD printing with UV light postpolymerization was the most effective method for resins used in occlusal splints, dental models, and temporary restorations. SLA printing with UV postpolymerization showed the most significant dimensional changes, leading to shrinkage in occlusal splint resins, while model resins and temporary restorations expanded.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Resins for 3D printing should ideally be post-polymerized with UV light and printed using LCD technology, as this approach results in better mechanical properties and less dimensional change compared to microwave oven post-polymerization.

Composite Resin Bond Strength to Zirconia and Base Metal Alloys Using Two Types of Intraoral Porcelain Repair Systems

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of two repair composites (Crea.lign vs. PermaFlo) to a base metal alloy and zirconia ceramic. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four discs (12mm diameter, 1mm thickness) were fabricated using Wirobond base metal alloy and zirconia. They were then bonded with their respective composite resins (N=16) in each of the two porcelain chipping repair kit subgroups consisting of PermaFlo and Crea.lign. All specimens were stored in 37°C distilled water for 24 hours. Half of them were subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles (5-55°C, 30s). All specimens were tested for SBS with a universal testing machine. Failure types were analyzed using a digital camera. Analysis of the data was done by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Results: SBS was significantly affected by the type of composite resin. PermaFlo had a significantly higher SBS than Crea.lign to base metal alloy (P<0.001) and zirconia ceramic (P<0.001). Thermocycling decreased the SBS of both composites to base metal alloy (P<0.001) and zirconia (P<0.001). Conclusion: A universal adhesive could provide higher shear bond strength of zirconia and base metal alloy to composite resin than Crea.lign composite and the MKZ primer supplied by its manufacturer.

Comparative analysis of bonding strength between enamel and overlay of varying thicknesses following an aging test

Abstract

Background/purpose: Overlay restorations can be used clinically as a treatment option to preserve natural dentine. However, whether the residual enamel thickness and overlay thickness affect the adhesion between the restoration and tooth is still unknown. This study was to investigate effects of the overlay thickness and residual enamel thickness on bonding strength.

Materials and methods

Overlays of different thicknesses were prepared with natural teeth which had 2, 4, and 6 mm of occlusal reduction (n = 10). Specimens were subjected to 10,000 cycles in water at 5-55 °C, and finally compressive strength tests were used to evaluate the bonding strength.

Results

All groups showed good bond strength (P > 0.05). The overlay restorations of different thicknesses reduced the preparation amount by 30.3%-7.2% and significantly preserved more of the tooth structure (P < 0.005). Compared to the control group, the overlay restoration increased the marginal fitness by about 0.67-0.88 times. The thermal cycling indicated that the decrease in the maximum bearing stress was due to the aging of the ceramic itself. Therefore, the thickness of the overlay had a greater influence on the compressive strength than the bond strength.

Conclusion

Based on the above this study recommends an overlay thickness of at least 2 mm in clinical practice. The aging test confirmed that adhesion between the overlay and teeth was quite firm and stable. This shows that a stable adhesive effect of the overlay can be used as a treatment option for preserving a greater amount of a tooth's structure.

Analysis of the effect of thermocycling on bonding cements to zirconia

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on shear bond strength (SBS) of several resin cement materials to different types of zirconia dental ceramics.

Materials and Methods

120 square shaped disc specimens were fabricated using two types of zirconia blocks (Sagemax and Sirona). Each zirconia group was divided into three sub-groups based on the resin cement bonded to the specimens. Three different self-adhesive resin cements were used (Calibra, Breeze and RelyX). The specimens were further grouped into experimental and control groups (n = 10). The experimental specimens were exposed to a thermo-cycling protocol of 1500 cycles in water bath at 5c and 55c. Specimens were then stored at 37c for 24 h then all specimens underwent SBS test with an Instron machine. Mode of failure was inspected visually and microscopically. Data were statistically analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance followed by one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's multiple comparison test, student's t-test for independent samples were used to compare the mean values of SBS in relation to the categorical study variables.

Results

The mean SBS values of experimental groups were significantly lower than control groups for all the 6 combinations of Zirconia and cement types (p < 0.0001). The higher mean difference (14.29 MPa) was observed in the combination of Sagemax and Rely-X. Rely-X displayed the highest SBS among all the cements while no significant difference was found in mean SBS values of Calibra and Breez cements in all groups. The mean SBS values of Sagemax zirconia were significantly higher than the Sirona with all three types of cements (p < 0.0001) within control groups. Microscopic and visual analysis demonstrated a majority of adhesive mode of failure.

Conclusion

Thermocycling significantly reduced the SBS between the zirconia materials and self-adhesive resin cements tested. The amount of reduction varies according to cement and zirconia types.

Effect of coping materials zirconia or polyetheretherketone with different techniques of fabrication on vertical marginal gap and fracture resistance of posterior crowns with composite veneering

BACKGROUND

Insufficient research has been conducted in the literature assessing the performance of zirconia and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) crowns in relation to the essential requirements of successful restorations, such as fracture resistance or margin adaptation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the coping materials zirconia or PEEK with different fabrication techniques on the vertical marginal gap and fracture resistance of posterior crowns with composite veneering.

METHODS

Ceramic copings (n = 18) restoring mandibular first molar were fabricated from zirconia (Zircon.x, Presidentdental, Germany), milled PEEK (PEEK CAD) (breCAM.BioHPP, Bredent, Germany) and pressed PEEK (PEEK Press) (BioHPP Granules, Bredent, Germany) six specimens each (n = 6). The copings were veneered with high impact polymer composite (HIPC) material (breCAM.HIPC, Bredent, Germany). The vertical marginal gap was captured under a magnification of 40X. Five equidistant marks on each surface of the die distinguished the points of measurement for a total of 20 readings per sample. The analysis was completed using an image analysis system (ImageJ 1.53t, National Institute of Health, USA). The specimens were loaded to failure at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min and the load at failure was recorded to measure the fracture resistance.

RESULTS

The marginal gap was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Fracture resistance was analyzed using Welch one-way ANOVA followed by the Games-Howell post hoc test. Marginal gap values showed a significant difference between the tested groups, with zirconia having significantly lower gap values (48.67 ± 11.98 µm) than both the PEEK CAD (108.00 ± 20.08 µm) and Press groups (108.00 ± 25.10 µm) (p < 0.001). However, the results of fracture resistance showed no significant difference (p = 0.06) with 1687.47 ± 253.29 N, 2156.82 ± 407.64 N, 2436.72 ± 725.93 N for zirconia, PEEK CAD, and Press, respectively. The significance level was p < 0.05.

CONCLUSIONS

Zirconia framework crowns have a smaller vertical marginal gap than milled and pressed PEEK crowns. Crowns fabricated from zirconia, PEEK CAD, or PEEK Press frameworks and veneered with composite resin have comparable fracture resistance lower than the maximum biting force in the posterior region.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Posterior crowns with zirconia frameworks are preferred over milled and pressed PEEK frameworks regarding margin adaptation, although all can safely survive the maximum occlusal forces without fracture.

Flexural strength, surface roughness, micro-CT analysis, and microbiological adhesion of a 3D-printed temporary crown material

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the thermocycling effect of 3D-printed resins on flexural strength, surface roughness, microbiological adhesion, and porosity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

150 bars (8 × 2 × 2 mm) and 100 blocks (8 × 8 × 2 mm) were made and divided into 5 groups, according to two factors: "material" (AR: acrylic resin, CR: composite resin, BIS: bis-acryl resin, CAD: CAD/CAM resin, and PRINT: 3D-printed resin) and "aging" (non-aged and aged - TC). Half of them were subjected to thermocycling (10,000 cycles). The bars were subjected to mini-flexural strength (σ) test (1 mm/min). All the blocks were subjected to roughness analysis (Ra/Rq/Rz). The non-aged blocks were subjected to porosity analysis (micro-CT; n = 5) and fungal adherence (n = 10). Data were statistically analyzed (one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA; Tukey's test, α = 0.05).

RESULTS

For σ, "material" and "aging" factors were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The BIS (118.23 ± 16.26A) presented a higher σ and the PRINT group (49.87 ± 7.55E) had the lowest mean σ. All groups showed a decrease in σ after TC, except for PRINT. The CRTC showed the lowest Weibull modulus. The AR showed higher roughness than BIS. Porosity revealed that the AR (1.369%) and BIS (6.339%) presented the highest porosity, and the CAD (0.002%) had the lowest porosity. Cell adhesion was significantly different between the CR (6.81) and CAD (6.37).

CONCLUSION

Thermocycling reduced the flexural strength of most provisional materials, except for 3D-printed resin. However, it did not influence the surface roughness. The CR showed higher microbiological adherence than CAD group. The BIS group reached the highest porosity while the CAD group had the lowest values.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

3D-printed resins are promising materials for clinical applications because they have good mechanical properties and low fungal adhesion.

Effect of thermocycling on the flexural strength of two different composite filling materials: An in vitro study

Flexural strength is the bend strength or stress which causes failure in bending of the material. Composite is the widely used restorative material in the era of esthetic dentistry as it provides better esthetic and mechanical support for both posterior and anterior teeth. The term "thermocycling" refers to the process of changing temperatures in the mouth. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of thermocycling on flexural strength in two different composite filling materials. Twelve samples of packable type composite filling material, among which four samples prepared were from Restofill l (Group 1) and four were prepared from Ivoclar Vivadent (Group 2) for the study. Bar-shaped composite resin specimens were prepared with dimensions of 2 mm × 2 mm × 25 mm. Then, the eight samples were subjected to a thermocycling process and four left as control. This was followed by the determination of maximum force by a universal testing machine, and then, the collected data were used to determine flexural strength using the formula. The determining flexural strength was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 by Independent sample t-test. The mean flexural strength of thermocycled Restofill composite filling material is 6.73, whereas the nonthermocycled Restofill sample showed 5.58 and the mean flexural strength of thermocycled Ivoclar Vivadent composite filling material was 5.08. The difference was not statistically significant with P = 0.978 >0.05. The current study concludes that the flexural strength of the Restofill composite (Group 1) was higher than the Ivoclar composite (Group 2). Hence, thermocycling affects the flexural strength of composite resin.

Silanizing Effectiveness on the Bond Strength of Aged Bulk-Fill Composite Repaired After Sandblasting or Bur Abrasion Treatments: An in vitro Study

Objective

To measure the repair shear bond strength (SBS) of an aged bulk-fill composite after different mechanical (diamond bur vs sandblasting) and chemical (universal adhesive with or without a previous silanization) surface treatments.

Materials and Methods

Bulk-fill composite (Filtek One Bulk Fill, 3M ESPE) was used to construct seventy-two specimens aged through 10,000 thermal cycles. The specimens were allocated into two groups (n = 36 each) according to the mechanical roughening: Db, treated with a diamond bur, and Sb, treated by sandblasting. Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups (n = 12 each) according to the chemical conditioning: Db-only and Sb-only, unconditioned specimens; Db-U and Sb-U, specimens were conditioned with silane-containing universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal adhesive, 3M ESPE); and Db-S-U and Sb-S-U, specimens were conditioned with a silane agent (Prosil, FGM) before employing the universal adhesive. The same composite material was used for repair. An additional reference group was constructed to measure the cohesive strengths of the bulk-fill composite. SBS testing was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min, and the failure modes were evaluated by stereomicroscope. The surface topography of resin composite after roughening was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. SBS data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey’s test and independent t-test.

Results

The significantly highest SBS was recorded in the reference group (P ≤ 0.05). Sb-only obtained significantly higher SBS than Db-only (P < 0.001). No significant difference in SBS was noted between Db-U and Sb-U or Db-S-U and Sb-S-U. Likewise, no significant difference was observed between the subgroups treated with or without silane (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The sandblasted specimens demonstrated a higher repair SBS than the diamond bur-treated specimens. The use of an additional silanizing step before applying silane-containing universal adhesive did not enhance the SBS of the repaired composite.

Effect of Different Surface Treatments on the Long-Term Repair Bond Strength of Aged Methacrylate-Based Resin Composite Restorations: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis

This systematic review and network meta-analysis is aimed at investigating the effect of common surface treatments on the long-term repair bond strength of aged resin composite restorations and to rank and compare these surface treatments. In vitro studies evaluating the methacrylate-based resin composites subjected to rigorous aging protocols before and after being repaired with a new composite were included. A frequentist network meta-analysis was carried out using a random effects model. P scores were used to rank the efficacy of the surface treatments. Also, the global and node-split inconsistencies were evaluated. Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched until July 07, 2022. Twenty-six studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the application of silane and a total-etch (shear MD 32.35 MPa, 95% CI: 18.25 to 46.40, P score 0.95; tensile MD 33.25 MPa, 95% CI: 25.07 to 41.44; P score 0.77) or a self-etch (shear MD 38.87 MPa, 95% CI: 21.60 to 56.14, P score 0.99; tensile MD 32.52 MPa, 95% CI: 23.74 to 41.29; P score 0.73) adhesion protocol subsequent to the roughening with diamond bur produced the highest (micro)tensile and (micro)shear bond strengths compared to diamond bur alone as the control group. There was no difference between self- and total-etch adhesive protocols. Mechanical surface treatments yielded greater bond strength when used alongside the chemical adhesive agents. Further, it is possible to achieve acceptable repair bond strength using common dental clinic equipment. Therefore, clinicians could consider repairing old resin composites rather than replacing them.

Surface Characteristics and Color Stability of Dental PEEK Related to Water Saturation and Thermal Cycling

(1) Background: The study was undertaken to evaluate the surface characteristics, microhardness, and color stability of PEEK materials related to water saturation and in vitro aging. (2) Methods: Custom specimens of unmodified and modified PEEK CAD/CAM materials were investigated: BioHPP, a ceramic reinforced PEEK, and Finoframe PEEK and Juvora medical PEEK, 100% PEEK materials. Forty-eight plates were sectioned in rectangular slices. The specimens were immersed in distilled water at 37 °C for a period of 28 days, and then subjected to aging by thermal cycling (10,000 cycles). Surface roughness was measured with a contact profilometer; nanosurface topographic characterization was made by Atomic Force Microscopy; Vickers hardness measurements were performed with a micro-hardness tester; color changes were calculated. All registrations were made before immersion in water and then subsequently once a week for 4 weeks, and after thermocycling. (3) Results: The studied reinforced and unfilled PEEK materials reached water saturation after the first week of immersion, without significant differences between them. The most affected from this point of view was the reinforced PEEK material. Thermocycling induces a significant increase inmicroroughness, without significant differences between the studied materials. In relation to the nanosurface topography and roughness, the reinforced PEEK material was the least modified by aging. The color changes after 4 weeks of water immersion and one year of simulated in vitro aging ranged from extremely slight to slight, for all materials. (4) Conclusions: Water absorption was associated with a decrease in microhardness. Surface characteristics are affected by water immersion and thermocycling. Perceivable or marked color changes of the materials were not detected during the study.

Effect of Er,Cr: YSGG Laser on Bonding of Laminate Veneers using CAD/CAM (In Vitro Study)

AIM: This in vitro study was designed to evaluate the shear bond strength after bonding between porcelain laminate veneers and the tooth surface using different etching methods METHODS: Thirty freshly extracted maxillary premolars were used and prepared for receiving Enamic laminate veneers. Specimens were divided into two groups (n = 15), according to the surface treatment protocol. The specimens were sandblasted with 50 μm Al2O3 for 20 s; 2 bar pressure was maintained for air abrasion. Distribution of groups was as follow G1: Prepared enamel surface treatment of each tooth was according to the manufacturer’s instructions. G2: The prepared enamel surface of each tooth was subjected to Erbium,Chromium-Doped: Yttrium, Scandium, Gallium, and Garnet laser application. Light cured adhesive resin cement was applied to fitting surface of each ceramic specimen. To simulate thermal aging, the samples were subjected to 5000 thermal cycling in a thermocycler. By dividing the failure load (N) by the bonding area (mm2), debonding loads were calculated as shear stress (MPa). Numerical data were presented as mean and standard deviation values. They were explored for normality by checking the data distribution using Shapiro–Wilk test. Data showed parametric distribution and were analyzed using independent t-test. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05 within all tests. Statistical analysis was performed with R statistical analysis software version 4.1.2 for Windows. RESULTS: Group (II) (15.84 ± 3.09) had significantly higher mean value than group (I) (13.69 ± 2.36) (t = 2.15, p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of this study, it was revealed that the laser surface treatment for tooth substrate plays a significant role in increasing the shear bond strength of laminate veneers.

Comparison of the Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Zirconia and Composite Resin to Polyether Ether Ketone: An In Vitro Study

Aim:

The aim of the study was to compare the shear bond strength of composite resin bonded to polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and zirconia, and also to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on the shear bond strength.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 22 zirconia (Group 1) and 22 PEEK (Group 2) specimens (disks of 10 mm in diameter and 10 mm in thickness) were machine milled using computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) from commercially available zirconia and PEEK. These specimens were air abraded with 110-μm aluminum oxide. Following which these two groups were subdivided into four groups, that is, Group 1A: 11 zirconia specimens before thermocycling, Group 1B: 11 zirconia specimens after thermocycling, Group 2A: 11 PEEK specimens before thermocycling, and Group 2B: 11 PEEK specimens after thermocycling. These four groups of specimens were embedded in an acrylic block, and bonding agent was applied over the upper surfaces of the disks of each of these specimens. Composite resin was then cured, and then Group 1B and group 2B were thermocycled under a standard temperature. The bond strength of the specimen was tested using universal testing machine.

Result:

The result showed that there was no significant difference in shear bond strength between the groups, although higher shear bond strength was observed in the PEEK group.

Conclusion:

Shear bond strength of PEEK is similar to zirconia. The results suggest that the pretreatment method and primers used were effective in improving the bonding of resin cements to zirconia ceramic and the bonding properties of the veneering resin to the PEEK surface.

Long-term evaluation of warm-air treatment effect on adaptation of silane-containing universal adhesives to lithium disilicate ceramic

The effect of warm air-blowing on the sealing ability of two one-bottle and one two-bottle silane-containing universal adhesives (UAs) applied to lithium disilicate ceramics (LDS) was evaluated. Tapered cavities prefabricated in LDS blocks (IPS e.max CAD) were treated by the adhesives, air-blown either with normal air (23±1°C) or warm air (60±5°C), and filled with a flowable resin composite. Interfacial gap formation was observed using swept-source optical coherence tomography immediately after filling, after 24 h, 5,000 and 10,000 thermal cycles, and an additional 1-year water storage. Specimens bonded using normal air-blown one-bottle UAs exhibited a significantly higher gap formation than the two-bottle UA (p<0.001), and detached within 24 h. Warm air-blowing significantly decreased the gap formation of one-bottle UAs (p<0.001), but the specimens dislocated within 24 h or during thermocycling. The two-bottle UA withstood all aging procedures and warm air-blowing significantly decreased its 1-year gap formation compared to normal air-blowing (p=0.002).

Effect of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (NTP) and Zirconia Primer Treatment on Shear Bond Strength between Y-TZP and Resin Cement

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP) treatment on the sandblasting of mechanical method and zirconia primer of chemical method used to increase the bond strength between zirconia and resin cement. In this study, Y-TZP was divided into 4 groups according to the surface treatment methods as follows: Zirconia primer (Pr), NTP + Zirconia primer (NTP + Pr), Sandblasting + Zirconia primer (Sb + Pr), Sandblasting + NTP + Zirconia primer (Sb + NTP + Pr). Then, two types of resin cement (G-CEM LinkAce and Rely X-U200) were used to measure the shear bond strength (SBS) and they were divided into non-thermal cycling group and thermal cycling group for aging effect. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. The result of the surface energy (SE), there was no significant difference among the groups (p > 0.05). As a result of the SBS test, the Sb + Pr group had a significantly higher SBS value than the other groups regardless of the resin cement type (p < 0.05), and the decrease rate after thermal cycling treatment was the lowest. On the other hand, the NTP + Pr group showed significantly lower SBS values than the other groups except for the case of using Rely X-U200 (p < 0.05), and the reduction rate after thermal cycling was the highest. The Sb + NTP + Pr group did not differ significantly from the Pr group (p > 0.05). Within the limitations of two successive studies, treatment with NTP after sandblasting used for mechanical bond strength showed a positive effect on initial SBS. However, when NTP was treated before the zirconia primer used for the chemical bond strength, it showed a negative effect on SBS compared to other treatment methods, which was noticeable after the thermal cycling treatment.