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Fassl V, Ellermann L, Reichelt G, Pape P, Blecher C, Hoffmann C, Ringel F, Al-Nawas B, Heider J, Ottenhausen M. Endoscopic treatment of sagittal suture synostosis - a critical analysis of current management strategies. Neurosurg Rev 2022; 45:2533-2546. [PMID: 35384543 PMCID: PMC9349114 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-022-01762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
While many centers nowadays offer minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of single suture synostosis, surgical techniques and patient management vary significantly. We provide an overview of how scaphocephaly treated with endoscopic techniques is managed in the reported series and analyze the crucial steps that need to be dealt with during the management process. We performed a review of the published literature including all articles that examined sagittal-suture synostosis treated with endoscopic techniques as part of single- or multicenter studies. Fourteen studies reporting results of 885 patients were included. We identified 5 key steps in the management of patients. A total of 188 patients were female and 537 male (sex was only specified in 10 articles, for 725 included patients, respectively). Median age at surgery was between 2.6 and 3.9 months with a total range from 1.5 to 7.0 months. Preoperative diagnostics included clinical and ophthalmologic examinations as well as neuropsychological and genetic consultations if needed. In 5 publications, a CT scan was routinely performed. Several groups used anthropometric measurements, mostly the cephalic index. All groups analyzed equally recommended to perform endoscopically assisted craniosynostosis surgery with postoperative helmet therapy in children < 3 months of age, at least for non-syndromic cases. There exist significant variations in surgical techniques and patient management for children treated endoscopically for single suture sagittal synostosis. This heterogeneity constitutes a major problem in terms of comparability between different strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fassl
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Ellermann
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriele Reichelt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Phillipe Pape
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Christian Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Ringel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Heider
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malte Ottenhausen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Gupta D, Marbate T, Kedia S. Evaluation and management of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. J Pediatr Neurosci 2022; 17:S77-S91. [DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_17_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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3
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Akai T, Yamashita M, Shiro T, Hamada S, Maruyama K, Iizuka H, Kuroda S. Long-term Outcomes of Non-syndromic and Syndromic Craniosynostosis: Analysis of Demographic, Morphologic, and Surgical Factors. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2021; 62:57-64. [PMID: 34707067 PMCID: PMC8841231 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the outcomes of patients (followed for 5–38 years, average 17.3 years) with craniosynostosis and evaluated their long-term prognosis. In all, 51 patients who underwent surgery for craniosynostosis between 1982 and 2015, including 12 syndromic and 39 non-syndromic cases, were included. The average age at the initial surgery was significantly lower in the syndromic group than that in the non-syndromic group (9.8 months old vs. 19.9 months, respectively). The surgical procedures did not significantly differ between the two groups, but repeat surgery was significantly more common in the syndromic group than in the non-syndromic group (4 children [30.8%] and 3 children [7.7%], respectively). The children requiring repeat surgery tended to be younger at the initial surgery than those who did not. Those patients who required repeat surgery did not have significantly different surgical procedures initially. The incidence of developmental retardation was 49.0% (43.5% in the non-syndromic group and 66.7% in the syndromic group), and only two children in the non-syndromic group displayed recovery. This study is the first to analyze the prognosis for patients who were followed for at least 5 years after cranioplasty. Repeat surgery was common, especially in syndromic patients. Severity of skull deformity and early initial surgery may be important factors determining the need for repeat surgery. Developmental retardation was also common, and improvement was rare even after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama
| | - Masanobu Yamashita
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University
| | - Taisuke Shiro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama
| | - Saori Hamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama
| | - Kunitaka Maruyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama
| | - Hideaki Iizuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University
| | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama
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Katsianou M, Papavassiliou KA, Zoi I, Gargalionis AN, Panagopoulos D, Themistocleous MS, Piperi C, Papavassiliou AG, Basdra EK. Polycystin-1 modulates RUNX2 activation and osteocalcin gene expression via ERK signalling in a human craniosynostosis cell model. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3216-3225. [PMID: 33656806 PMCID: PMC8034462 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis refers to the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures leading to skull shape deformities and brain growth restriction. Among the many factors that contribute to abnormal suture fusion, mechanical forces seem to play a major role. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanobiology-related mechanisms of craniosynostosis still remain unknown. Understanding how aberrant mechanosensation and mechanotransduction drive premature suture fusion will offer important insights into the pathophysiology of craniosynostosis and result in the development of new therapies, which can be used to intervene at an early stage and prevent premature suture fusion. Herein, we provide evidence for the first time on the role of polycystin-1 (PC1), a key protein in cellular mechanosensitivity, in craniosynostosis, using primary cranial suture cells isolated from patients with trigonocephaly and dolichocephaly, two common types of craniosynostosis. Initially, we showed that PC1 is expressed at the mRNA and protein level in both trigonocephaly and dolichocephaly cranial suture cells. Followingly, by utilizing an antibody against the mechanosensing extracellular N-terminal domain of PC1, we demonstrated that PC1 regulates runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) activation and osteocalcin gene expression via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in our human craniosynostosis cell model. Altogether, our study reveals a novel mechanotransduction signalling axis, PC1-ERK-RUNX2, which affects osteoblastic differentiation in cranial suture cells from trigonocephaly and dolichocephaly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Katsianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas A Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilianna Zoi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios N Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Shih L, Abu-Ghname A, Davis MJ, Xue AS, Dempsey RF, Buchanan EP. Applications of Fat Grafting in Pediatric Patients. Semin Plast Surg 2020; 34:53-58. [PMID: 32071580 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autologous fat grafting has become a widely utilized technique for a variety of cosmetic and reconstructive procedures. Its potential for volume restoration and tissue regeneration has made it a popular method for treating soft tissue defects in both adult and pediatric populations. While autologous fat grafting in the pediatric setting is not as well characterized as it is in the adult setting, various reports have demonstrated the safety and utility of its applications in nonadult patient populations. In this article, we present the first comprehensive review of the current applications of autologous fat grafting in pediatric patients. Specific challenges to fat grafting in the pediatric setting and future applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden Shih
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amjed Abu-Ghname
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew J Davis
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy S Xue
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert F Dempsey
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Edward P Buchanan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Craniofacial malformations and their association with brain development: the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for treatment. Odontology 2019; 108:1-15. [PMID: 31172336 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The craniofacial complex develops mainly in the first trimester of pregnancy, but its final shaping and the development of the teeth extend into the second and third trimesters. It is intimately connected with the development of the brain because of the crucial role the cranial neural crest cells play and the fact that many signals which control craniofacial development originate in the brain and vice versa. As a result, malformations of one organ may affect the development of the other. Similarly, there are developmental connections between the craniofacial complex and the teeth. Craniofacial anomalies are either isolated, resulting from abnormal development of the first two embryonic pharyngeal arches, or part of multiple malformation syndromes affecting many other organs. They may stem from gene mutations, chromosomal aberrations or from environmental causes induced by teratogens. The craniofacial morphologic changes are generally cosmetic, but they often interfere with important functions such as chewing, swallowing and respiration. In addition, they may cause hearing or visual impairment. In this review we discussed only a small number of craniofacial malformations and barely touched upon related anomalies of dentition. Following a brief description of the craniofacial development, we discussed oral clefts, craniofacial microsomia, teratogens that may interfere with craniofacial development resulting in different malformations, the genetically determined craniosynostoses syndromes and few other relatively common syndromes that, in addition to the craniofacial complex, also affect other organs. The understanding of these malformations is important in dentistry as dentists play an integral role in their diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment.
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