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Cao D, Lou Y, Jiang X, Zhang D, Liu J. Fungal Diversity in Barley Under Different Storage Conditions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:895975. [PMID: 35814699 PMCID: PMC9257103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.895975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of fungi in barley in simulated storage environments was analyzed. Barley was stored at different temperatures (15, 25, 35°C) and relative humidity (55, 65, 75, 85 RH) for 180 and 360 days. Alpha diversity, beta diversity, species composition, and species differences were analyzed using Illumina HiSeq technology. The fungal communities in all barley samples before and after storage belonged to 3 phyla, 18 classes, 39 orders, 71 families, 103 genera, and 152 species. The relative abundance of the dominant phylum Ascomycota was 77.98–99.19%. The relative abundance of Basidiomycota was 0.77–21.96%. At the genus level, the dominant genera of fungi in barley initially included Fusarium, Aspergillus, Microdochium, Alternaria, and Epicoccum. After 360 days of storage, the dominant genera became Epicoccum, Alternaria, Bipolar, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus. According to Venn diagrams and principal coordinates analysis, the fungal community diversity in barley initially was much higher than in barley stored at different temperatures and humidity. The application of PLS-DA could accurately distinguish between barley stored for 180 and 360 days. Some high-temperature and high-humidity environments accelerated storage. The dominant genera differed in different storage conditions and constantly changed with increasing storage duration. Epicoccum was one of the dominant genera after longer storage periods. This study provides theoretical support for optimizing safe storage conditions in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Cao
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing and Quality Safety of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Engineering Research Center for Coarse Cereals Processing and Quality Safety, Daqing, China
| | - Yuhao Lou
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xiujie Jiang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing and Quality Safety of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Engineering Research Center for Coarse Cereals Processing and Quality Safety, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for the Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongjie Zhang,
| | - Junmei Liu
- College of Food Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Junmei Liu,
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Chai Q, Li Y, Li X, Wu W, Peng H, Jia R, Sun Q. Assessment of variation in paddy microbial communities under different storage temperatures and relative humidity by Illumina sequencing analysis. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Lee JI, Kim DW, Jang GJ, Song S, Park KJ, Lim JH, Kim BM, Lee HJ, Chen F, Ryu YB, Kim HJ. Effects of different storage conditions on the metabolite and microbial profiles of white rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:623-631. [PMID: 31093419 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial populations in white rice (Oryza sativa L.) samples stored for 6 months in open or closed conditions were studied and their metabolite profiles analyzed using GC/MS to elucidate the relationship between storage and rice quality. Rice samples stored in open conditions at 25 °C were contaminated by Aspergillus tritici, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium sp., whereas the control stored in closed conditions at 5 °C was mainly contaminated by Hyphopichia burtonii and A. tritici. These differences resulted in significantly different metabolite profiles. Increased mold population decreased the levels of fresh rice flavor-associated volatile metabolites and primary energy sources, but increased the levels of metabolites associated with lipid oxidation, polyols, and energy production. Thus, rice quality, especially flavor, could be significantly influenced by the increased mold population caused by open storage at 25 °C; volatile metabolites and polyols are potential indicators of rice quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-In Lee
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea.,6Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212 Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea
| | - Gwang-Ju Jang
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea
| | - Seonghwa Song
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea
| | - Kee Jai Park
- 3Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lim
- 3Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Bo-Min Kim
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea
| | - Feng Chen
- 5Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Young Bae Ryu
- 6Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212 Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- 1Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, Gyeongsang Korea.,2Department of Food Science & Technology and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam Korea.,EZmass Co. Ltd., Jinju, Gyeongnam Korea
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Ding C, Khir R, Pan Z, Wood DF, Venkitasamy C, Tu K, El-Mashad H, Berrios J. Influence of infrared drying on storage characteristics of brown rice. Food Chem 2018; 264:149-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kim Y, Kang IJ, Shin DB, Roh JH, Heu S, Shim HK. Timing of Fusarium Head Blight Infection in Rice by Heading Stage. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:283-286. [PMID: 30294489 PMCID: PMC6171418 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1496637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum causes the devastating plant disease Fusarium head blight and produces mycotoxins on small cultivated grains. To investigate the timeframe of F. graminearum infection during rice cultivation, a spore suspension of F. graminearum was applied to the rice cultivars Dongjin 1 and Nampyeongbyeo before and after the heading stage. The disease incidence rate was the highest (50%) directly after heading, when the greatest number of flowers were present, while only 10% of the rice infected 30 days after heading showed symptoms. To understand the mechanism of infection, an F. graminearum strain expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was inoculated, and the resulting infections were visually examined. Spores were found in all areas between the glume and inner seed, with the largest amount of GFP detected in the aleurone layer. When the inner part of the rice seed was infected, the pathogen was mainly observed in the embryo. These results suggest that F. graminearum migrates from the anthers to the ovaries and into the seeds during the flowering stage of rice. This study will contribute to uncovering the infection process of this pathogen in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangseon Kim
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - In Jeong Kang
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong Bum Shin
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Roh
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sunggi Heu
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyeong Kwon Shim
- Crop Cultivation and Environment Research Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
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Draft Genome Sequences of Bacillus megaterium KU143, Microbacterium testaceum KU313, and Pseudomonas protegens AS15, Isolated from Stored Rice Grains. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/22/e00468-18. [PMID: 29853508 PMCID: PMC5981034 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00468-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus megaterium KU143, Microbacterium testaceum KU313, and Pseudomonas protegens AS15 from stored rice grains exhibited antifungal activity against Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. predominant in stored rice. Here, we report their bacterial draft genomes, which contain genes related to biotic and abiotic stress management, as well as antimicrobial and insecticidal traits.
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Mannaa M, Kim KD. Biocontrol Activity of Volatile-Producing Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas protegens Against Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Predominant in Stored Rice Grains: Study II. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:52-63. [PMID: 29998033 PMCID: PMC6037079 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1454015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In our previous studies, Bacillus megaterium KU143, Microbacterium testaceum KU313, and Pseudomonas protegens AS15 have been shown to be antagonistic to Aspergillus flavus in stored rice grains. In this study, the biocontrol activities of these strains were evaluated against Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium fellutanum, and Penicillium islandicum, which are predominant in stored rice grains. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the bacterial strains were evaluated against the fungi on media and rice grains, respectively. The antifungal activities of the volatiles produced by the strains against fungal development and population were also tested using I-plates. In in vitro tests, the strains produced secondary metabolites capable of reducing conidial germination, germ-tube elongation, and mycelial growth of all the tested fungi. In in vivo tests, the strains significantly inhibited the fungal growth in rice grains. Additionally, in I-plate tests, strains KU143 and AS15 produced volatiles that significantly inhibited not only mycelial growth, sporulation, and conidial germination of the fungi on media but also fungal populations on rice grains. GC-MS analysis of the volatiles by strains KU143 and AS15 identified 12 and 17 compounds, respectively. Among these, the antifungal compound, 5-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole, was produced by strain KU143 and the antimicrobial compounds, 2-butyl 1-octanal, dimethyl disulfide, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-1-heptanol, and 4-trifluoroacetoxyhexadecane, were produced by strain AS15. These results suggest that the tested strains producing extracellular metabolites and/or volatiles may have a broad spectrum of antifungal activities against the grain fungi. In particular, B. megaterium KU143 and P. protegens AS15 may be potential biocontrol agents against Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. during rice grain storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mannaa
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Deok Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Mannaa M, Kim KD. Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Deleterious Fungi and Mycotoxin Production during Grain Storage. MYCOBIOLOGY 2017; 45:240-254. [PMID: 29371792 PMCID: PMC5780356 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2017.45.4.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food source for humans. As the global population continues to grow exponentially, the need for the enhanced yield and minimal loss of agricultural crops, mainly cereal grains, is increasing. In general, harvested grains are stored for specific time periods to guarantee their continuous supply throughout the year. During storage, economic losses due to reduction in quality and quantity of grains can become very significant. Grain loss is usually the result of its deterioration due to fungal contamination that can occur from preharvest to postharvest stages. The deleterious fungi can be classified based on predominance at different stages of crop growth and harvest that are affected by environmental factors such as water activity (aw) and eco-physiological requirements. These fungi include species such as those belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium that can produce mycotoxins harmful to animals and humans. The grain type and condition, environment, and biological factors can also influence the occurrence and predominance of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored grains. The main environmental factors influencing grain fungi and mycotoxins are temperature and aw. This review discusses the effects of temperature and aw on fungal growth and mycotoxin production in stored grains. The focus is on the occurrence and optimum and minimum growth requirements for grain fungi and mycotoxin production. The environmental influence on aflatoxin production and hypothesized mechanisms of its molecular suppression in response to environmental changes are also discussed. In addition, the use of controlled or modified atmosphere as an environmentally safe alternative to harmful agricultural chemicals is discussed and recommended future research issues are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mannaa
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ki Deok Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Mannaa M, Oh JY, Kim KD. Biocontrol Activity of Volatile-Producing Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas protegens against Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production on Stored Rice Grains. MYCOBIOLOGY 2017; 45:213-219. [PMID: 29138628 PMCID: PMC5673519 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2017.45.3.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, three bacterial strains, Bacillus megaterium KU143, Microbacterium testaceum KU313, and Pseudomonas protegens AS15, were selected as effective biocontrol agents against Aspergillus flavus on stored rice grains. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of the volatiles produced by the strains on A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production on stored rice grains. The three strains significantly reduced mycelial growth of A. flavus in dual-culture assays compared with the negative control strain, Sphingomonas aquatilis KU408, and an untreated control. Of these tested strains, volatiles produced by B. megaterium KU143 and P. protegens AS15 markedly inhibited mycelial growth, sporulation, and conidial germination of A. flavus on agar medium and suppressed the fungal populations in rice grains. Moreover, volatiles produced by these two strains significantly reduced aflatoxin production in the rice grains by A. flavus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the suppression of A. flavus aflatoxin production in rice grains using B. megaterium and P. protegens volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mannaa
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Oh
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ki Deok Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Lee SH, Park SY, Byun KH, Chun HS, Ha SD. Effects of microwaves on the reduction of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus on brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1193-1200. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1319072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Kyunggido, South Korea
| | - Shin Young Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Kyunggido, South Korea
| | - Kye-Hwan Byun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Kyunggido, South Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Kyunggido, South Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Kyunggido, South Korea
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Mannaa M, Kim KD. Microbe-Mediated Control of Mycotoxigenic Grain Fungi in Stored Rice with Focus on Aflatoxin Biodegradation and Biosynthesis Inhibition. MYCOBIOLOGY 2016; 44:67-78. [PMID: 27433116 PMCID: PMC4945540 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2016.44.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice contaminated with fungal species during storage is not only of poor quality and low economic value, but may also have harmful effects on human and animal health. The predominant fungal species isolated from rice grains during storage belong to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Some of these fungal species produce mycotoxins; they are responsible for adverse health effects in humans and animals, particularly Aspergillus flavus, which produces the extremely carcinogenic aflatoxins. Not surprisingly, there have been numerous attempts to devise safety procedure for the control of such harmful fungi and production of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins. This review provides information about fungal and mycotoxin contamination of stored rice grains, and microbe-based (biological) strategies to control grain fungi and mycotoxins. The latter will include information regarding attempts undertaken for mycotoxin (especially aflatoxin) bio-detoxification and microbial interference with the aflatoxin-biosynthetic pathway in the toxin-producing fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mannaa
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ki Deok Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Ding C, Khir R, Pan Z, Zhang J, Tu K, El-Mashad H. Effect of Infrared and Conventional Drying Methods on Physicochemical Characteristics of Stored White Rice. Cereal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-11-14-0232-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang St., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Ragab Khir
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Zhongli Pan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
| | - Jianyou Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Kang Tu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang St., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Hamed El-Mashad
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Daqahlia, Egypt
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Shin MH, Han IJ, Lee JW. Quality Properties of Ginseng Chicken Porridge Prepared with Individually Gamma Irradiated Raw Materials. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2013. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2013.33.6.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lee T, Lee SH, Lee SH, Shin JY, Yun JC, Lee YW, Ryu JG. Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rice and its milling by-products in Korea. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1169-74. [PMID: 21740720 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 201 samples of brown rice, polished rice, and two types of by-products, blue-tinged rice and discolored rice, were collected from rice stores maintained at 51 rice processing complexes in Korea. These samples were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEA). Contaminants (and their ranges) found in discolored rice samples were DON (59 to 1,355 ng g(-1)), NIV (66 to 4,180 ng g(-1)), and ZEA (25 to 3,305 ng g(-1)); those found in blue-tinged (less-ripe) rice were DON (86 to 630 ng g(-1)), NIV (50 to 3,607 ng g(-1)), and ZEA (26 to 3,156 ng g(-1)). Brown rice samples were contaminated mostly with NIV and ZEA (52 to 569 ng g(-1) and 47 to 235 ng g(-1), respectively). Polished rice samples were largely free from mycotoxins, although one sample was contaminated with NIV (77 ng g(-1)). When the fungal flora associated with each rice sample was investigated, blue-tinged rice was the most often contaminated with Fusarium graminearum (3.8%), followed by the discolored rice (2.4%) and brown rice (1.6%) samples. Using PCR, toxin genotyping of 266 isolates of F. graminearum revealed that most isolates (96%) were NIV producers. In conclusion, this survey is the first report of the cocontamination of Korean rice and its by-products with trichothecenes and ZEA. Importantly, it also provides new information on the natural contamination of rice by Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
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