Phenotypic heterogeneity of non-syndromic supernumerary teeth: genetic study

Impact of Malocclusions on Periodontopathogenic Bacterial Load and Progression of Periodontal Disease: A Quantitative Analysis

BACKGROUND

(1) Periodontal disease (PD) is a globally prevalent chronic inflammatory condition, exacerbated by the dysbiosis of the oral microbiota. This study aims to evaluate the bacterial load of specific periodontopathogenic bacteria in patients with malocclusions (MAL) compared to those without. (2) Methods: Conducted at the "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, this pilot study involved two groups: patients with MAL and PD, and patients with PD but without MAL. We included 20 patients: 10 with MAL (9 with crowding and 1 with an open bite) and 10 without MAL. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected for bacterial DNA extraction and quantified bacterial load using real-time PCR, focusing on 12 periodontopathogenic bacteria across different complexity classes. (3) Results: The study identified significantly higher concentrations of Treponema denticola (p = 0.023, median = 4.32, IQR = 2.76-5.53 vs. median = 1.93, IQR = 0-3.19), Tannerella forsythia (p = 0.020, mean = 6.04 ± 0.72 vs. mean = 4.4 ± 1.89) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (p = 0.002, median = 5.64, IQR = 4.94-5.98 vs. median = 2.48, IQR = 0-4.05) in patients with MAL compared to those without. This suggests that MAL contributes to an environment conducive to the proliferation of specific pathogens, potentially accelerating PD progression. Additionally, Eikenella corrodens (p = 0.040, mean = 4.55 ± 1.02 vs. mean = 3.23 ± 1.56), Campylobacter rectus (p < 0.001, mean = 4.2 ± 0.56 vs. mean = 1.8 ± 1.51), Prevotella intermedia (p = 0.043, median = 5.04, IQR = 0-5.49 vs. median = 0, IQR = 0-3.39), Capnocytophaga sputigena (p = 0.011, median = 5.91, IQR = 5.47-6.17 vs. median = 4.63, IQR = 3.83-5.64), and Capnocytophaga gingivalis (p = 0.007, median = 5.87, IQR = 5.34-6.03 vs. median = 4.4, IQR = 3.5-5.71) also showed elevated concentrations, indicating the broad impacts of MAL on oral microbial profiles. (4) Conclusions: The findings demonstrate a significant relationship between MAL and increased bacterial loads, underscoring the need for its integration in managing PD. Future research should expand demographic diversity and employ longitudinal designs to better understand the causative mechanisms at play.

Research algorithm for the detection of genetic patterns and phenotypic variety of non-syndromic dental agenesis

Introduction: Dental agenesis (DA), brings together the anodontia, oligodontia, hypodontia, characterized by a deficit in the development of a variable number of teeth. The objectives of the study were to illustrate the phenotypic variability of non-syndromic DA, to identify cases of DA with hereditary genetic transmission, and establish the mode of DA genetic pattern in these cases, together with the determination of DA prevalence in the population group study. Patients, Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional observational study was performed on a mixed population group, consisting of 861 Caucasian patients, between January 2018–December 2019. The clinical evaluation protocol of patients with DA, used to illustrate their phenotype, included the following stages: oral examination, photographic examination, and radiological examination. The evaluation protocol specific to the family genetic study of patients with DA, involved the following three stages: family survey, construction of the family tree and analysis of the pedigree structure. Results: The prevalence of DA in the population group was 2.78%. Regarding the phenotype, DA mainly affected the upper arch (50% of cases); bilateral DA had a significantly increased incidence (83.33% of cases) compared to unilateral form; in most cases (75%), a patient lacked one to two teeth, the lack of two teeth being the most common form (83.33% of cases); the upper lateral incisors were the teeth most frequently involved in DA (31.11% of the total missing teeth). Regarding the family genetic study, hereditary DA with autosomal dominant inheritance was present in 37.50% of cases. In the other cases (62.50%), isolated, sporadic forms of DA were registered, suggesting a spontaneous de novo mutation or a disorder of odontogenesis of a non-genetic nature. Conclusions: We consider that this study is of interest for current scientific research with applicability in dental medicine, by bringing actual information on the prevalence of non-syndromic DA in South-East Romania, the variety of phenotypic spectrum of DA for this geographic area, and the role of heredity in the DA genetic determinism in the studied population.