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Nazemi Salman B, Mohebbi Rad M, Saburi E. Apoptotic effects of biodentine, calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement, ferric sulfate, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the human pulp of exfoliated deciduous teeth. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2024; 73:194-199. [PMID: 38963287 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.24.04826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preservation of primary teeth in children is highly important. Pulpotomy is a commonly performed treatment procedure for primary teeth with extensive caries. Thus, biocompatibility of pulpotomy agents is highly important. Biodentine, calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement, ferric sulfate, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus are commonly used for this purpose. Thus, this study aimed to assess the apoptotic effects of Biodentine, CEM cement, ferric sulfate, and MTA on stem cells isolated from the human pulp of exfoliated deciduous teeth. METHODS In this in-vitro, experimental study, stem cells isolated from the human pulp of exfoliated deciduous teeth were exposed to three different concentrations of Biodentine, CEM cement, ferric sulfate, and MTA for different time periods. The cytotoxicity of the materials was evaluated by flow cytometry using the annexin propidium iodide (PI) kit. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at P<0.05 level of significance. RESULTS All four tested materials induced significantly greater apoptosis compared with the control group. The difference in cell apoptosis caused by the first concentration of ferric sulfate and MTA was not significant at 24 hours. In other comparisons, the cytotoxicity of ferric sulfate was significantly lower than that of other materials. Biodentine showed higher cytotoxicity than MTA at first; but this difference faded over time. The cytotoxicity of CEM cement was comparable to that of MTA. The highest cell viability was noted at 24 hours in presence of the minimum concentration of ferric sulfate. The lowest cell viability was noted at 72 hours in presence of the maximum concentration of CEM cement. CONCLUSIONS In comparison with other materials, ferric sulfate showed minimum cytotoxicity; the cytotoxicity of the three cements was comparable. It appears that the concentration of ferric sulfate and the composition of cements are responsible for different levels of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nazemi Salman
- School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mohebbi Rad
- School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran -
| | - Ehsan Saburi
- School of Medicine, Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Yilmaz S, Keles S. Efficacy of orthoMTA, retroMTA and ferric sulphate as pulpotomy agents in primary molars: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Oral Res 2023; 57:144-150. [PMID: 37929220 PMCID: PMC10622155 DOI: 10.26650/eor.2023950004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success rates of RetroMTA, OrthoMTA, and ferric sulfate as pulpotomy agents in primary molars. Materials and methods Ninety-six primary second molars from 32 children aged 5 to 9 years were enrolled in this study. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups based on the pulpotomy agent used: O-MTA, R-MTA, and FS. Clinical and radiographic follow-up examinations were conducted at 3, 6, 9, and 18 months postoperatively. Results At the end of the study period, 84 teeth were evaluated. The clinical success rates were 75% for FS, 96.4% for O-MTA, and 92.8% for R-MTA groups. In the radiographic analysis, the success rates at the 18-month follow-up period were 50% for FS, 85.8% for O-MTA, and 82.2% for R-MTA groups. According to the Chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, there was a statistically significant difference among the success rates and survival probabilities of the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion OrthoMTA and RetroMTA demonstrated better treatment outcomes for pulpotomy of primary second molars than ferric sulfate at the 18-month follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sıla Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,
Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin,Turkiye
| | - Sultan Keles
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,
Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin,Turkiye
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Gopinath VK, Pulikkotil SJ, Veettil SK, Dharmarajan L, Prakash PSG, Dhar V, Jayaraman J. COMPARING THE CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC OUTCOMES OF PULPOTOMIES IN PRIMARY MOLARS USING BIOACTIVE ENDODONTIC MATERIALS AND FERRIC SULFATE - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2022; 22:101770. [PMID: 36494111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2022.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of pulpotomies in primary molars using bioactive endodontic materials and ferric sulfate. DESIGN The search was conducted in PubMed, Ebscohost, ProQuest, and Scopus databases till June 2021. Children undergoing pulpotomy therapy in primary molars treated with ferric sulfate (FS) and bioactive endodontic materials were evaluated for clinical and radiographic success. Meta-analysis was performed on a random-effects model to assess the success at 6,12,18, and 24 months. The quality of studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials RESULTS: No significant difference was observed between Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and FS at 24 months for both clinical [RR0.98 (95%CI 0.15,6.34), I2 = 0%] and radiographic [RR0.74 (95%CI: 0.23,2.43), I2 = 0%] success. At 6 months [RR1.36 (95%CI: 0.10,19.34), I2 = 33%], no difference was observed in the clinical [RR1.00 (95%CI: 0.95,1.05), I2 = 0%] and radiographic success [RR0.99 (95%CI: 0.88,1.11), I2 = 51%] between Biodentine (BD), FS and radiographic success of calcium enriched cement and FS [RR0.25 (95%CI: 0.03, 2.22), I2 = 0%]. CONCLUSION Amongst bioactive materials, MTA and FS demonstrated equal success rates in both clinical and radiographic outcomes with follow-up periods of up to 24 months. Future, high-quality trials are required to verify the result of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellore Kannan Gopinath
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
| | - Shaju Jacob Pulikkotil
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sajesh K Veettil
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Lalli Dharmarajan
- Department of Periodontics, S.R.M Dental College & Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, India
| | | | - Vineet Dhar
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Jayakumar Jayaraman
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA
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Haideri S, Koul M, Raj R, Salam SA, kalim MS, Gupta V. To Evaluate and Compare the Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Formocresol, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Electrocautery, and Bioactive Glass when used for Pulpotomy in Human Primary Teeth. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S1251-S1258. [PMID: 35017965 PMCID: PMC8686867 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_23_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study is to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of formocresol (FC), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), electrocautery, and bioactive glass (BAG) when used for pulpotomy in human primary teeth. SETTINGS AND DESIGN The present study comprised of total four Groups A, B, C, and D; the selected children for the procedure were randomly divided into four groups according to the type of agent used as Group A, Group B, Group C, and Group D, respectively, having 20 teeth. METHODOLOGY In this study, pulpotomies were performed on the respective teeth. The teeth were treated using either FC, MTA, electrocautery, and BAG. Following the pulpotomy procedure, the teeth were evaluated for the clinical and radiographic success for 3, 6, and 12 months. The teeth were evaluated for the presence of pain, swelling, internal and external resorption, and radiolucency. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Fisher's exact test and Yates corrected Chi-square test is used. RESULTS After 12 months of follow-up, the clinical and radiographic success rates were high. Comparing the frequency (%) of overall clinical success rate of four groups at 12 months, the Chi-square test revealed significantly different and higher overall clinical success rate in MTA as compared to other groups, especially FC and EC at 12 months. Comparing the frequency (%) of overall radiographic success rate of four groups at 12 months, the Chi-square test revealed significantly different and higher overall radiographic success rate in MTA as compared to other groups, especially FC and EC at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the success rates of MTA, BAG, and FC are matching their physical and chemical properties which have been detailed and explained earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Haideri
- lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Safia Haidery, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Bankipur, Patna, Bihar, India. E-mail:
| | - Monika Koul
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Science, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rachna Raj
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sadar Hospital, Jehanabad, India
| | - Sharib Abdus Salam
- lecturer, Department of Periodontics and oral Implantology, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, India
| | | | - Vivek Gupta
- Assistant Professor, Department of oral and maxillofacial pathology and microbiology, Career post graduate institute of dental science, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bolukbasi B, Kucukyilmaz E. Evaluation of the bond strengths of restorative materials to primary tooth dentin treated with different pulpotomy techniques. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:1309-1320. [PMID: 33754435 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of different pulpotomy techniques on the primary tooth dentin and to evaluate the effects of these pulpotomy methods on the shear bond strength of restorative materials to primary tooth dentin. Two hundred and forty dentin specimens were distributed randomly to the study groups as; control, ferric sulphate, Biodentine® , Nd:YAG laser, photobiomodulation, and atmospheric pressure cold plasma (APCP). After the application of pulpotomy methods, samples were again randomly divided to two restorative materials (glass hybrid and composite resin) (n = 20) and shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed. Then, 12 new dentin specimens were prepared for all groups for surface analysis. Surface examination (n = 12) and fracture analyses (n = 240) were carried out with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical significance range was accepted as α <.05 for all data. A statistically significant difference was obtained among all study groups for glass hybrid material as well as composite material (p <.05). While the highest mean SBS value was obtained with Nd:YAG laser (7.58 ± 0.60 MPa), the lowest value was observed with Biodentine® (6.70 ± 0.91 MPa; p = .001) for glass hybrid material. For composite material, the highest mean SBS value was calculated for Nd:YAG laser (13.79 ± 1.24 MPa), while the lowest value was obtained with ferric sulphate (10.17 ± 1.45 MPa; p = .001). Fracture modes were mainly adhesive and mixed type according to SEM analysis. Moreover, morphological changes were observed with SEM on the dentin surfaces of ferric sulphate, Biodentine® and Nd:YAG laser. Within the limitations of this study, Nd:YAG laser increased the shear bond strength values in groups of composite resin. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: In this article, we report the results of the shear bonding strength test of two restorative materials (glass-hybrid vs. composite resin) to primary tooth dentin following the application of five different pulpotomy techniques (ferric sulfate, Biodentine® , Nd:YAG laser, photobiomodulation, and atmospheric pressure cold plasma) were reported. This article will contribute to the literature that there are considerably limited researches concerning the bond strength of glass hybrid to primary dentin and also atmospheric pressure cold plasma in pulpotomies. The SEM examination was performed in two stages in this study; the morphological changes in both treated dentin surfaces and the surfaces of the samples subjected to the shear bond strength test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Bolukbasi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ebru Kucukyilmaz
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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Sajadi FS, Jalali F, Khademi M. Ferric Sulfate Versus Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement in Pulpotomy of Primary Molars: A Randomized Clinical Trial. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abirami K, Ramkumar H, Senthil D. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of the Efficacy of Formocresol, Allium sativum Oil, and Aloe barbadensis Gel as Pulpotomy Medicaments in Primary Molars: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020; 13:518-522. [PMID: 33623341 PMCID: PMC7887170 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to clinically and radiographically evaluate the efficacy of formocresol, Allium sativum oil, and Aloe barbadensis gel as pulpotomy medicaments in primary molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-two primary molars indicated for pulpotomy were included in the study. The molars included were divided into three groups by simple random sampling, and treatment was done with formocresol as control, comparing it with Aloe barbadensis gel and Allium sativum oil. RESULTS The teeth were then followed up for 6 and 12 months clinically and radiographically. Chi-square test was used to compare the clinical and radiographic results between the groups. McNemar test was used to compare the clinical and radiographic results at 6 and 12 months. The results revealed that there was no significant difference between the groups when comparing the experimental groups to the control. CONCLUSION The study shows that Aloe barbadensis gel and Allium sativum oil may be used as an alternative to formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Abirami K, Ramkumar H, Senthil D. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of the Efficacy of Formocresol, Allium sativum Oil, and Aloe barbadensis Gel as Pulpotomy Medicaments in Primary Molars: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(5):518-522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Abirami
- Department of Pedodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hemalatha Ramkumar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dakshinamurthy Senthil
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Subramanyam D, Somasundaram S. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Aloe vera vs Formocresol as a Pulpotomy Medicament in Primary Molars: A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020; 13:138-143. [PMID: 32742090 PMCID: PMC7366759 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this clinical trial is to compare the clinical and radiographic success of Aloe vera and formocresol (FC) as a pulpotomy medicament in primary molars. Materials and methods A total of 72 asymptomatic or symptomatic vital primary molars were selected and were assigned to two groups: group II: Buckley's FC, group II: Aloe vera gel. The clinical and radiographic success were evaluated using Zurn and Seale criteria. The data were statistically analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results At three and 6 months follow-up, the clinical success rate of Aloe vera and FC was equally effective. Aloe vera showed a higher radiographic success rate compared to FC (p > 0.05). At 6 months follow-up, FC showed a higher radiographic success rate compared to Aloe vera (p > 0.05). Conclusion The clinical and radiographic success of both groups were equally effective at the end of 6 months follow-up. Aloe vera can be considered as an alternative pulpotomy medicament to FC. But, further long-term follow-up studies and histological studies are required. How to cite this article Subramanyam D, Somasundaram S. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Aloe vera vs Formocresol as a Pulpotomy Medicament in Primary Molars: A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(2):138–143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Subramanyam
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sujatha Somasundaram
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Shafaee H, Alirezaie M, Rangrazi A, Bardideh E. Comparison of the success rate of a bioactive dentin substitute with those of other root restoration materials in pulpotomy of primary teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 150:676-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Caruso S, Dinoi T, Marzo G, Campanella V, Giuca MR, Gatto R, Pasini M. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of biodentine versus calcium hydroxide in primary teeth pulpotomies: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:54. [PMID: 29609572 PMCID: PMC5879808 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulpotomy is the surgical removal of the entire coronal pulp with preservation of the radicular pulp vitality. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success of pulpotomy of primary molars using two materials, biodentine and calcium hydroxide. METHODS Records of 400 primary molars in 360 paediatric participants (mean age: 7.5 ± 1.6 years, ranging from 5 to 9 years) with dental caries who required pulp therapy were included in this study. Biodentine was used on 200 teeth, and calcium hydroxide (CH) was used on another 200 teeth, as a pulpotomy material. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed after 9 and 18 months. Statistical analysis was evaluated with the chi-squared test, and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The treatment success with CH was 85.5% after 9 months and 79.5% after 18 months, while the success rate of biodentine was 94% after 9 months and 89.5% after 18 months. The statistical analysis with the Chi-squared test showed that the clinical and radiographic success rate with biodentine was significantly higher than CH (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Biodentine exhibited a higher clinical and radiographic success rate compared to CH. However, besides the clinical results, biodentine has some disadvantages, such as higher costs, compared to CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caruso
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Teresa Dinoi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marzo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Campanella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Giuca
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, Unit of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Gatto
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Pasini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, Unit of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Success Rates of Pulpotomies in Primary Molars Using Calcium Silicate-Based Materials: A Randomized Control Trial. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4059703. [PMID: 29226134 PMCID: PMC5684520 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4059703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare, both clinically and radiographically, the effects of calcium silicate-based materials (i.e., ProRoot MTA [PR-MTA], MTA-Plus [MTA-P], and Biodentine [BD]) and ferric sulfate [FS] in pulpotomy of primary molars. Materials and Methods In this randomized clinical trial, 29 healthy 5- to 7-year-old children with at least four carious primary molars with no clinical or radiographic evidence of pulp degeneration were enrolled. The pulpotomy agents were assigned as follows: Group 1: BD; Group 2: MTA-P; Group 3: PR-MTA; and Group 4: FS. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at 6, 12, and 24 months. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests. Results Total success rates at 24 months were 82.75%, 86.2%, 93.1%, and 75.86%, respectively. No statistically significant differences in total success rates were observed among the groups at 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups. When the groups were compared according to follow-up times, the success rates in each group did not vary significantly among the 6–12-month, 6–24-month, or 12–24-month periods (p > 0.05). Conclusion Although the success rates of BD, MTA-P, MTA-PR, and FS did not differ significantly, calcium silicate-based materials appeared to be more appropriate than FS in clinical practice.
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