Association of Breastfeeding Duration, Nonnutritive Sucking Habits, and Malocclusion

Ineffective Feeding Practices and Their Effect on Malocclusion: A Narrative Review

Objective The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the association of ineffective feeding practices with the development of malocclusion in children and the role of a pediatric dentist in identifying the cues and signs of improper feeds, and encourage effective breastfeeding practices.

Introduction There has been an ongoing debate on the role of effective breastfeeding in the prevention of malocclusion. Although no specific claim supports the positive impact of the same, a detailed reviewing of the literature helps to identify the method of feeding to be chosen considering health benefits and personal preference.

Materials and Methods A broad search of all resources linked to the topic was performed in PubMed, Medline, World Health Organization web site, government web sites, and Google Scholar search engine. Keywords used in the search included breastfeeding, ineffective breastfeeding, bottle feeding, pacifier, and malocclusion. A total of 60 articles published in the period from 2000 to 2019 were segregated. Selected articles comprised original research, meta-analysis, and systematic reviews.

Results Parameters such as duration, posture, and non-nutritive sucking habits had an impact on effective breastfeeding.

Discussion Effective breastfeeding and maintaining appropriate posture and duration helps to positively impact the normal growth and development of the jaws, muscular functioning, and speech. Thereby, the risk of developing malocclusion in primary dentition can be prevented.

Conclusion An understanding of the role of breastfeeding and malocclusion will help in the early intervention and prevention of malocclusion and deviated muscular function. Highlighting the role of counseling and effective feeding practices is also an area that should be focused upon by budding clinicians.

Risk assessment of orthodontic anomalies in children in suburban areas

Introduction: Orthodontic anomalies are very common both in the world and in our country. The etiology of orthodontic anomalies is multifactorial, complex and conditioned by numerous genetic and non-genetic factors: endogenous and exogenous. Prevention of orthodontic anomalies is possible if we have an insight into the most common etiological factors. Goal: To assess the frequency of individual etiological factors and assess the overall risk of orthodontic anomalies in children in suburban environments. Materials and methods: The research was conducted on 115 children, first grade elementary school pupils (28.68% of all 1st grade students), average age of 6.8 years, from 4 settlements around Novi Sad: Kisač, Kać, Veternik, and Futog. The research was conducted in the form of anonymous rounding surveys for parents with a preliminary explanation of the questions asked. The questions included etiological factors for the occurrence of orthodontic anomalies (diseases in pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, supplementation and feeding, type of pacifier, position of the bottle when eating, bad habits, position when sleeping, position of arms when sleeping in relation to the jaw, pillow height, mouth breathing, orthodontic anomalies in parents). Results: Results indicate the following etiological factors as the most common: supplementary feeding and bottle feeding (in 41.74% of cases), breastfeeding from 0 to 6 months (40.87% of respondents) and mouth breathing (in 24.35% of children). In the examination of the total risk for orthodontic anomalies, low-risk was found in 95.65% of cases, medium-risk in 4.35% (in Kisac 9.38%, in Kać 2.94%, in Veternik 4.35%, in Futog 0% of children), while there were no high-risk respondents. Conclusion: Preventive measures should be aimed at educating mothers about the need and benefits of a natural way of breastfeeding and of using a spoon for supplementation and feeding.