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Dos Anjos HA, Ortiz MIG, Aguiar FHB, Dos Santos JJ, Rodrigues UP, Rischka K, Lima DANL. Effect of incorporation of calcium polyphosphate sub-microparticles in low-concentration bleaching gels on physical properties of dental enamel. Odontology 2024; 112:729-738. [PMID: 38148447 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the bleaching efficacy and effects on enamel properties of experimental gels with carbamide peroxide (CP; 10%) or hydrogen peroxide (HP; 6%) containing calcium polyphosphate sub-microparticles (CaPPs). METHODS A total of 216 bovine tooth specimens were divided for microhardness and color analyses (n = 108) and block randomized into nine groups (n = 12): (G1) commercial CP (Whiteness Perfect, FGM; Brazil); (G2) experimental CP; (G3) CP-0.5%CaPPs; (G4) CP-1.5%CaPPs; (G5) commercial HP (Potenza Bianco, PHS; Brazil); (G6) experimental HP; (G7) HP-0.5%CaPPs; (G8) HP-1.5%CaPPs; (G9) artificial saliva. The gels' pH values were determined with a bench pH meter. Color (ΔE, ΔE00, ΔWID) and microhardness variation were evaluated before and after the therapy. Part of the specimens used for microhardness was submitted to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 3) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDX (n = 3) analyses. Statistical analyses were performed in the R statistical software (α = 0.05). Linear mixed models for repeated measures in time were used to analyze microhardness and L* values. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the a*, b*, ΔE, ΔE00, and ΔWID, considering a group effect. The EDX data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test. RESULTS The gels' pH remained over 6,0. All gels effectively bleached the specimens and did not differ significantly. When compared to the control group, the hardness was significantly lower in the G1, G2, G6, and G7 groups. The G3, G4, G5, and G8 groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The incorporation of CaPPs in low-concentration whitening gels reduces its negative effects on microhardness without interfering with their bleaching efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanuelly Albuquerque Dos Anjos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Mariângela Ivette Guanipa Ortiz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | | | | | - Klaus Rischka
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials, IFAM, Bremen, Germany
| | - Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
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Salem H, Kamel N, Hassan S, Elhefnawy S. Effect of application of turmeric extract powder solution on the color changes of non-vital teeth: An in-vitro study. J Int Oral Health 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_134_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Ribeiro MES, Lopes RM, Aranha ACC, Medeiros IS, Lima RR, Souza Júnior MHSE, Loretto SC. Is prolonged bleaching more harmful to dental enamel than daily dietary and hygienic oral habits? Braz Oral Res 2021; 35:e113. [PMID: 34816901 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructural and mechanical properties of enamel surface were evaluated after prolonged bleaching treatments with 10% carbamide peroxide in the presence or absence of orange juice (erosive challenge) and toothbrushing (abrasive challenge). In total, 145 incisor bovine teeth were used in this study. Twenty-five samples were prepared for the ultrastructural evaluations, and 120 samples were prepared for microhardness and roughness tests. These 120 samples were divided into eight experimental groups (n = 15): G1- artificial saliva; G2- abrasion; G3- erosion; G4- dental bleaching; G5- erosion + abrasion; G6- bleaching + abrasion; G7- bleaching + erosion; and G8- bleaching + erosion + abrasion. All groups were tested at T0 (before treatment), T1 (14 days), T2 (21 days), and T3 (28 days). Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures and the post hoc Sidak tests (p ≤ 0.05) were used. The roughness evaluation demonstrated an increase in damage for all experimental groups with an increase in the time period. For microhardness, the groups exposed to artificial saliva (AS) and abrasive challenge did not show any differences at any time points, while the other groups showed a decrease in microhardness from T0 to T3. Ultrastructural evaluation showed different surface alterations in response to the treatments. Despite prolonged bleaching periods, the procedure caused lesser enamel surface alterations than exposure to orange juice alone or in combination with brushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Eliane Soares Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, School of Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, Belém - PA, Brazil
| | - Raquel Marianna Lopes
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Corrêa Aranha
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Studart Medeiros
- Universidade de São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Belém - PA, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Cordeiro Loretto
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, School of Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, Belém - PA, Brazil
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Costa JLDSG, Besegato JF, Zaniboni JF, Kuga MC. LED/laser photoactivation enhances the whitening efficacy of low concentration hydrogen peroxide without microstructural enamel changes. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102511. [PMID: 34469795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of low concentration hydrogen peroxide (HP) and a light source has been widely used to achieve efficient bleaching. We investigated the colorimetric and microstructural changes of bovine enamel bleached with 6% HP associated or not with a hybrid light source system of violet light and laser (LED/laser). METHODS Twenty bovine crowns were used to obtain specimens of 7 × 7 × 2 mm. Then, they were randomized in two groups (n=10): 6% HP and 6% HP + LED/laser. After staining with dark tea solution, three bleaching sessions were performed. Colorimetric evaluation (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, ∆E00 [CIEDE2000] and WID) after 24 hours of each session and 7 days after the final bleaching session was performed. Enamel Vickers microhardness at baseline, 24 hours and 7 days after the last bleaching session were also evaluated. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test was used at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS 6% HP and 6% + HP LED/laser showed satisfactory bleaching results. The group photoactivated showed higher WID values (p<0.05). Differences between groups were observed for ∆E00, ∆L* and ∆a* (p<0.05), except for ∆b* (p>0.05). Intra-group differences were also found (p<0.05). Regarding microhardness, no inter or intra-group differences were observed (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The photoactivation with LED/laser enhanced the whitening efficacy of 6% HP compared to the group without photoactivation. Thus, the LED/laser activation appears to be a good option when using low concentration HP-based agents. In addition, both bleaching protocols did not cause changes on enamel microhardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joatan Lucas de Sousa Gomes Costa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 3rd floor, Humaitá Street, 1680 - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - João Felipe Besegato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 3rd floor, Humaitá Street, 1680 - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Joissi Ferrari Zaniboni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 3rd floor, Humaitá Street, 1680 - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Milton Carlos Kuga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 3rd floor, Humaitá Street, 1680 - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
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Pini NIP, Piccelli MR, Vieira-Junior WF, Ferraz LN, Aguiar FHB, Lima DANL. In-office tooth bleaching with chitosan-enriched hydrogen peroxide gels: in vitro results. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:471-479. [PMID: 34117564 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding chitosan to 35% hydrogen peroxide gels (for in-office bleaching), with or without calcium gluconate, on tooth properties and bleaching efficacy. METHODS Bovine enamel/dentin specimens (4 × 4 × 2.5 mm) were randomly allocated into groups (n = 10): negative control (unbleached), bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide gel (35% HP, commercial gel); 35% HP with 2% chitosan (% wt) (35% HP + chitosan), 35% HP and calcium (35% HP + Ca, commercial gel), and 35% HP + Ca + 2% chitosan. Variation of surface profile (ΔRa) and color analyses (ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, ΔE*ab, ΔE00, and ΔWID) were performed comparing specimens at baseline (initial) and 24 h after of storage in artificial saliva (final). Surface microhardness (KHN) values and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained on conclusion. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's tests (KHN), generalized linear models (ΔL*, ΔEab, ΔE00, ΔWID, ΔRa), and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (Δa*, Δb*) (α = 0.05). RESULTS Considering ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, ΔE*ab, ΔE00, and ΔWID values, the bleached groups differed from negative control. For ΔRa, chitosan-based groups showed lower variation in surface roughness compared to 35% HP, without significant difference from negative control. For KHN, chitosan groups did not differ from negative control (unbleached control = chitosan groups > 35% HP + Ca > 35% HP). For SEM, slight surface changes were observed in all bleached groups, but the intensity varied according to gel used (35% HP > gels with Ca > gels with chitosan). CONCLUSION Chitosan-enriched hydrogen peroxide gels can reduce negative impacts on tooth properties without affecting bleaching efficacy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although commercial gels containing remineralizing agents such as calcium reduce the negative effects on the properties of teeth, the addition of chitosan appears to be a promising approach to preservation of dental properties without interfering in bleaching efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núbia Inocencya Pavesi Pini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Uningá University Center, Road PR 317, n° 6114, Maringá, PR, 87035-510, Brazil
| | - Marcella Ricomini Piccelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Nobre Ferraz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
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Borges AB, de Abreu FS, Mailart MC, Zanatta RF, Torres C. Efficacy and Safety of Bleaching Gels According to Application Protocol. Oper Dent 2021; 46:E105-E116. [PMID: 34086959 DOI: 10.2341/19-253-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated bleaching efficacy, enamel microhardness, and roughness of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide (HP) gels (35%-40%) using different application protocols. Gel decomposition and pH alteration were also analyzed. METHODS AND MATERIALS Bovine enamel/dentin specimens were divided into groups according to the bleaching gel-Pola Office Plus (POP-SDI, 37.5% HP), Opalescence Boost (OPB-Ultradent, 40% HP), Whiteness HP (WHP-FGM, 35% HP)- and application protocol-single application (SA) and multiple application (MA) during the in-office session. Deionized water was used in control group (no bleaching). Thus, seven final groups were obtained (n=15/group). Color (CIE L*a*b*), surface microhardness (SMH), and roughness (Ra) were assessed before/after treatments. The pH of gels was measured, and HP concentration was determined with potassium permanganate titration method in different times. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey tests (5%). RESULTS All gels presented similar and clinically acceptable bleaching efficacy (ΔE>2.7) for both SA and MA, as well as no significant differences for SMH and Ra comparing the two protocols in the same gel. Peroxide decomposition significantly increased with time, but final gel concentrations were still high after 45 minutes (32.29% POP; 38.45% OPB; and 32.74% WHP). The pH decreased over time (initial - after 45 min) for WHP (6.83±0.07 - 5.81±0.06), but minimal alterations were observed for POP (8.09±0.09 - 7.88±0.07) and OPB (7.82±0.11 - 7.87±0.07). CONCLUSIONS Peroxide decomposition was very low for all gels tested, and pH remained stable for POP and OPB gels. Bleaching protocol did not influence whitening efficacy and hazardous effects over enamel, thus potentially there was no clinical significance. Therefore, for the products tested, there is no evidence for recommending the gel change during the bleaching session.
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Besegato JF, Silva AM, de Almeida ENM, Rastelli ANDS, Takahashi R, Dezan-Garbelini CC, Hoeppner MG. Microstructural effect of a laser-activated bleaching agent containing titanium dioxide on human enamel. J Conserv Dent 2021; 23:558-562. [PMID: 34083909 PMCID: PMC8095693 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_312_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a laser-activated bleaching agent containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on enamel roughness and hardness. Materials and Methods: Twenty human premolars were randomized into two groups according to the bleaching treatments performed: HP – 35% hydrogen peroxide and HP + TiO2 – 30% hydrogen peroxide containing TiO2 light-activated by diode laser (980 nm). It was performed two bleaching sessions with an interval of 7 days. Microhardness and roughness of the enamel were assessed at three times: T0 – Before 1st appointment, T1 – after 2nd appointment, and T2–7 days after 2nd appointment. Results: The HP + TiO2 did not cause changes on enamel roughness and hardness and presented the same effects of the HP. Conclusions: Both bleaching agents showed no difference between them. Then, it is possible to conclude that both are viable for clinical use during in-office dental bleaching technique regarding the microstructural changes that they might cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Felipe Besegato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aryvelto Miranda Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eran Nair Mesquita de Almeida
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Takahashi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Paediatric Dentistry, State University of Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Grama Hoeppner
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Li B, Liu C, Fang ZH, Cao Y, Zhou Z, Lu H. Acidic Monetite Complex Paste with Bleaching Property for In-depth Occlusion of Dentinal Tubules. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:31-45. [PMID: 33442248 PMCID: PMC7797332 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s287393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a common dental clinical condition presented with a short and sharp pain in response to physical and chemical stimuli. Currently no treatment regimen demonstrates long-lasting efficacy in treating DH, and unesthetic yellow tooth color is a concern to many patients with DH. Aim To develop a bi-functional material which can occlude dentinal tubules in-depth and remineralize dentin for long-lasting protection of the dentin–pulp complex from stimuli and bleach the tooth at the same time. Methods A mixture containing CaO, H3PO4, polyethylene glycol and H2O2 at a specific ratio was mechanically ground using a planetary ball. The mineralizing complex paste was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dentin was exposed to the synthesized paste for 8 h and 24 h in vitro. The mineralizing property was evaluated using SEM and microhardness tests. Red tea-stained tooth slices were exposed to the synthesized paste for 8 h and 24 h in vitro. The bleaching effect was characterized by a spectrophotometer. Results The complex paste had very a fine texture, was injectable, and had a gel-like property with 2.6 (mass/volume) % H2O2 concentration. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the inorganic phase was mainly monetite (CaHPO4). The mineralizing complex paste induced the growth of inorganic crystals on the dentin surface and in-depth occlusion of dentin tubules by up to 80 μm. The regenerated crystals were integrated into the dentin tissue on the dentin surface and the wall of dentinal tubules with a microhardness of up to 126 MPa (versus 137 Mpa for dentin). The paste also bleached the stained dental slices. Conclusion The mineralizing complex paste is a promising innovative material for efficient DH management by remineralizing dentin and in-depth occlusion of dentin tubules, as well as tooth bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China.,School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48208, USA
| | - Ze-Hui Fang
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cao
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48208, USA
| | - Haiyan Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
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Liporoni PCS, Wan Bakar WZ, Zanatta RF, Ambrosano GM, Aguiar FHB, Amaechi BT. Influence of Erosion/Abrasion and the Dentifrice Abrasiveness Concomitant with Bleaching Procedures. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2020; 12:101-109. [PMID: 32280280 PMCID: PMC7132029 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s234716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of erosive/abrasive cycles and two different levels of abrasiveness of dentifrices over enamel and dentin subjected to bleaching. Methods Enamel and dentin bovine specimens were prepared and submitted to an at-home bleaching treatment using 9.5% hydrogen peroxide gel, which was applied daily (30 min/14 days). Concomitant with bleaching, an erosive cycle was performed using citric acid (0.3%, pH 3.8, 5 mins, 3×/day), followed by immersions in artificial saliva for remineralization (30 mins). Abrasion was done with two (high and low abrasiveness) dentifrices (2×/day, 120 seconds) after the first and third erosive immersion each day. Enamel and dentin softening were assessed by microhardness and erosive tooth wear by optical profilometry. Data were submitted to repeated measures ANOVA, followed by the Tukey’s test with a significance level of 5%. Results For the enamel and considering the erosive-abrasive cycle, significant differences were found between the groups tested, the bleaching, and the abrasiveness of the dentifrice tested; however, the final microhardness values were significantly lower than the initial ones. For dentin, differences were found between the eroded/abrasion and the non-eroded/abrasion groups, with the former presenting lower microhardness values compared with the latter. In addition, bleaching decreased the microhardness values only for the highly abrasive dentifrice, and the final values were lower than for the initial ones for all tested groups. Conclusion The use of high and low abrasiveness dentifrices during bleaching and concomitant with erosion/abrasion cycles is more harmful to dentin than to enamel. Clinical Relevance Although bleaching is considered a conservative treatment, it can cause deleterious effects to dental hard tissue. The association of an at-home bleaching technique with erosion and high- or low- abrasive dentifrices harms dentin more than enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Christiane Suzy Liporoni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil.,Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Wan Zaripah Wan Bakar
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Glaucia Maria Ambrosano
- Department of Community Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bennett T Amaechi
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Vieira I, Vieira-Junior WF, Pauli MC, Theobaldo JD, Aguiar FHB, Lima DANL, Leonardi GR. Effect of in-office bleaching gels with calcium or fluoride on color, roughness, and enamel microhardness. J Clin Exp Dent 2020; 12:e116-e122. [PMID: 32071692 PMCID: PMC7018475 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Commercial bleaching gels with remineralizing agents were developed to reduce the adverse effects of dental bleaching. The present study evaluated the effects on teeth of in-office bleaching gels containing 35-40% hydrogen peroxide (HP) with Calcium (Ca) or Fluoride (F).
Material and Methods Bovine enamel/dentin blocks (4x4x2.5 mm) were randomly divided into the following groups (n=12): no treatment (control); 35% HP (Whiteness HP, FGM); 35% HP with Ca (Whiteness HP Blue, FGM); 40% HP with F (Opalescence Boost, Ultradent). The specimens were analyzed for color (ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, and ΔE), roughness (Ra), and Knoop microhardness (KHN). The color and KHN data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test, while Ra values were analyzed using mixed models for repeated measures and Tukey-Kramer’s test (α=0.05).
Results The bleached groups did not exhibit statistical differences among them for color. For roughness, 35% HP provided a slight increase of Ra, which was statistically different from the control. For microhardness, 35% HP and 40% HP with F presented KHN values that were statistically lower from the control, while the 35% HP with Ca did not statistically differ from the control.
Conclusions The presence of Ca or F in bleaching gels did not interfere with bleaching efficacy. However, only the enamel exposed to the bleaching gel containing Ca obtained microhardness values similar to unbleached enamel. Key words:Hydrogen peroxide, tooth bleaching, tooth bleaching agents, laboratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabele Vieira
- DDS student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldemir-Francisco Vieira-Junior
- DDS, MS, PhD, Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria-Cibelle Pauli
- MS, PhD student, Department of Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jéssica-Dias Theobaldo
- DDS, MS, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio-Henrique-Baggio Aguiar
- DDS, MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora-Alves-Nunes-Leite Lima
- DDS, MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislaine-Ricci Leonardi
- MS, PhD, Professor, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Torres CRG, Zanatta RF, Silva TJ, Borges AB. Effect of Calcium and Fluoride Addition to Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Gel On Tooth Diffusion, Color, and Microhardness. Oper Dent 2019; 44:424-432. [DOI: 10.2341/18-113-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium and fluoride addition to a 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) bleaching gel with regard to its diffusion through the tooth structure, enamel microhardness, and bleaching efficacy.
Methods and Materials:
Eighty specimens (6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height; 1 mm/enamel and 1 mm/dentin) were obtained from bovine incisors that were polished and divided into four groups (n=20) according to the remineralizing agent added to the gel: Ca = 0.5% calcium gluconate; F = 0.2% sodium fluoride; Ca+F = 0.5% calcium gluconate and 0.2% sodium fluoride; and control = no agent. Initial microhardness and color were assessed. The samples were positioned over simulated pulpal chambers filled with acetate buffer solution to capture the HP. Gels were applied over enamel for 30 minutes, and HP diffusion was assessed by spectrophotometry two hours after bleaching. Microhardness was measured immediately after bleaching and then the specimens were immersed into artificial saliva for seven days for final color assessment. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey test.
Results:
Bleaching reduced microhardness for all groups (p=0.0001), but the Ca+F and F groups showed lower reductions after bleaching. The addition of Ca, F, and Ca+F decreased the peroxide penetration through the tooth structure (p=0.0001), but there were no differences in color change for ΔL (p=0.357), Δa (p=0.061), Δb (p=0.823), and ΔE (p=0.581).
Conclusion:
The addition of calcium and fluoride in the gel did not affect bleaching efficacy, but it was able to reduce both the peroxide diffusion and the bleached enamel microhardness loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- CRG Torres
- Carlos RG Torres, DDS, PhD, associate professor, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University–UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil; Restorative Dentistry, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - RF Zanatta
- Rayssa Ferreira Zanatta, DDS, MS, PhD, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University–UNESP; Restorative Dentistry, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - TJ Silva
- Tatiane Josefa Silva, DDS, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University–UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil; Restorative Dentistry, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - AB Borges
- Alessandra B Borges, DDS, PhD, associate professor, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University–UNESP, Restorative Dentistry, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Carlos NR, Pinto A, do Amaral F, França F, Turssi CP, Basting RT. Influence of Staining Solutions on Color Change and Enamel Surface Properties During At-home and In-office Dental Bleaching: An In Situ Study. Oper Dent 2019; 44:595-608. [PMID: 31034349 DOI: 10.2341/18-236-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this in situ study was to evaluate the influence of staining solutions (coffee and cola) on the color change, microhardness, roughness, and micromorphology of the enamel surface during at-home and in-office dental bleaching. One hundred and thirty-five enamel bovine blocks were prepared to perform the evaluations. Fifteen volunteers used an intraoral appliance with nine enamel blocks for 15 days. The enamel blocks were randomly assigned among the different groups according to the three treatments: in-office bleaching with high hydrogen peroxide concentration (Opalescence Boost PF 40%, Ultradent) for 40 minutes in three sessions (first, eighth, and 15th days of treatment), at-home bleaching with low carbamide peroxide concentration (Opalescence PF 10%, Ultradent) for 60 minutes daily for 15 days, and a control group (no bleaching agent applied). The enamel blocks were immersed daily in different staining solutions (coffee or cola) for 30 minutes for 15 days or were not submitted to staining (control) to obtain a factorial scheme (3×3) of the dental bleaching treatment and staining solution (n=15). The microhardness analyses (Knoop), roughness evaluations (Ra), surface micromorphological observations, and color measurements (using the CIELAB system and the VITA Classical scale) were made before and after the bleaching treatments to assess immersion in staining solutions. Mixed model tests showed that there was a decrease in enamel microhardness after exposure to cola compared with coffee and the control group (p<0.0001) for both bleaching techniques. Roughness was higher for the cola groups (p<0.0001), and there was no significant difference between the coffee and the control groups. Generalized linear models showed that when no staining solution was applied, lighter color scores were found for the VITA Classical scale (p<0.0001). Without the staining solutions, there was an increase in luminosity (ΔL) (p=0.0444) for in-office bleaching. Lower values of Δa (p=0.0010) were observed when the staining solutions were not used. The Δb (p=0.3929) did not vary significantly between the bleaching agents, but when cola was applied, the values were significantly higher than for the control (p=0.0293). Higher values of ΔE (p=0.0089) were observed for in-office bleaching without staining solutions, while lower values of ΔE were observed for the in-office associated with coffee immersion. Regardless of whether being submitted to bleaching, the enamel stained with cola showed a decrease in microhardness, an increase in roughness, and changes in the micromorphology. The efficacy of the bleaching agents was greater when no staining solution (cola or coffee) was used, and in-office bleaching showed greater color change than the at-home bleaching technique.
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13
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Oliveira DR, Carvalho RV, Ottoni R, Alberton SB, Van de Sande Leite FH. Influência do gel de clareamento e do uso de agente remineralizante na perda mineral em esmalte e na eficácia do tratamento clareador. JOURNAL OF ORAL INVESTIGATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.18256/2238-510x.2018.v7i2.2695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo: O objetivo neste estudo foi investigar a ação de diferentes géis de clareamento dental e de um agente remineralizante na dureza em esmalte associada ao clareamento. Método: Dentes bovinos foram utilizados para confeccionar os espécimes de esmalte e armazenados em vinho tinto para promover o manchamento dos mesmos. Após, foram submetidos a três sessões de clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35%. Três grupos (n= 9) foram utilizados para avaliação comparativa: gel de clareamento sem cálcio, gel de clareamento com cálcio e gel de clareamento com cálcio e aplicações de um agente para remineralização. As variáveis de desfecho avaliadas foram o percentual de diminuição da dureza superficial do esmalte em diferentes tempos de armazenamento (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após o clareamento) e alteração de cor. Os dados foram avaliados com ANOVA (perda mineral) e estatística descritiva (alteração de cor). Resultados: As diferenças de perda mineral entre os grupos não foram estatisticamente significativas em todos os tempos avaliados. Em relação aos valores colorimétricos, todos os grupos apresentaram clareamento substancial após o tratamento. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que não houve influência do produto de remineralização utilizado ou gel clareador na perda mineral em esmalte.
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14
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Pinto A, Bridi EC, Amaral F, França F, Turssi CP, Pérez CA, Martinez EF, Flório FM, Basting RT. Enamel Mineral Content Changes After Bleaching With High and Low Hydrogen Peroxide Concentrations: Colorimetric Spectrophotometry and Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Analyses. Oper Dent 2018; 42:308-318. [PMID: 28467252 DOI: 10.2341/16-032-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) content in enamel bleached with high and low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (HP) using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) and colorimetric spectrophotometry (SPEC). Forty-eight sound human third molars were used. Their roots were embedded in polystyrene resin and immersed for seven days in an artificial saliva solution. Then they were distributed into six groups to receive the bleaching treatments. The agents of high HP concentration (for in-office use) evaluated were Whiteness HP Maxx/FGM (35% HP), Whiteness HP Blue/FGM (35% HP, 2% calcium gluconate), Pola Office+/SDI (37.5% HP, 5% potassium nitrate), and Opalescence Boost/Ultradent (38% HP, 1.1% ion fluoride, 3% potassium nitrate); these agents were applied to enamel in three sessions. The agents of low HP concentration (for home use) evaluated were Pola Day/SDI (9.5% HP) and White Class 10%/FGM (10% HP, potassium nitrate, calcium, fluoride), and these agents were applied for 14 days. Enamel microbiopsies were evaluated by TXRF and SPEC analysis before the bleaching treatment (baseline), during the treatment, and 14 days after the end of the treatment. For TXRF, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that Ca and P were not influenced by agent (p>0.05). For SPEC, Pola Office+, Opalescence Boost, Pola Day, and White Class 10% caused a decrease of Ca over time; there was a significant decrease of P over time to Pola Office+ and White Class 10%. The Spearman test showed no correlation between the Ca (p=0.987; r2=-0.020) and P (p=0.728, r2=0.038) obtained by SPEC and TXRF. For TXRF and SPEC, changes in Ca and P during bleaching occurred independently of the HP concentration used.
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15
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The effect of long-term use of tooth bleaching products on the human enamel surface. Odontology 2017; 106:64-72. [PMID: 28547569 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-017-0308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the long-term effect of bleaching on human enamel. Four groups of enamel specimens were prepared (n = 20): group 1: bleaching with Opalescence Boost [40% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 3 × 20 min/week]; group 2: control group (the specimens were stored in human saliva); group 3: beaching with Vivastyle Paint on Plus (6% H2O2, 2 × 10 min/day), and group 4: bleaching with Opalescence PF 16% [16% carbamide peroxide (CP), 6 h/day]. After each bleaching session the specimens were stored in human saliva. Knoop microhardness and surface roughness were measured: before bleaching, after 2-week and after 8-week bleaching. After 2-week treatment, surface roughness was significantly increased in all experimental groups (p < 0.05), while among them no significant difference was found (p > 0.05). The roughness changes exerted after 8-week bleaching were not significantly higher than the ones after 2 weeks (p > 0.05). After 8-week treatment, the increase in roughness caused by 16% CP was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the one caused by 40% H2O2. Microhardness increased in all groups including control; however, only 40% H2O2 increased the microhardness significantly (p < 0.05). The effect of bleaching on enamel was not shown to be dependent on the method or the H2O2 concentration. Bleaching with CP 16% resulted in higher roughness than bleaching with H2O2, while 40% H2O2 caused the higher microhardness increase. The present study showed that in-office bleaching with 40% H2O2 seems to be at least as safe as home bleaching as far as their effects on human enamel are concerned.
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16
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Henn-Donassollo S, Fabris C, Gagiolla M, Kerber Í, Caetano V, Carboni V, Salas MMS, Donassollo TA, Demarco FF. In Situ and In Vitro Effects of Two Bleaching Treatments on Human Enamel Hardness. Braz Dent J 2017; 27:56-9. [PMID: 27007347 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in situ the effects of two bleaching treatments on human enamel surface microhardness. Sixty enamel slabs from recently extracted thirty molars were used. The specimens were polished with sandpapers under water-cooling. The enamel samples were randomly divided in four groups, treated with 10% hydrogen peroxide (HP) or Whitening Strips (WS) containing 10% hydrogen peroxide and using two conditions: in vitro or in situ model. For in situ condition, six volunteers wore an intra-oral appliance containing enamel slabs, while for in vitro condition the specimens were kept in deionized water after the bleaching protocols. The bleaching treatments were applied one-hour daily for 14 days. Similar amounts of bleaching agents were used in both conditions. Before and after bleaching treatments, microhardness was measured. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey test) showed that in the in situ condition there was no statistically significant microhardness reduction in the bleached enamel (p>0.05). Significant decrease in hardness was observed for enamel slabs bleached with both treatments in the in vitro condition (p<0.05). Regarding the bleaching agents, in situ results showed no difference between HP and WS, while in vitro WS produced the lowest hardness value. It could be concluded that there was no deleterious effect on enamel produced by any of the bleaching protocols used in the in situ model. The reduction of hardness was only observed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiane Fabris
- Faculdade Especializada na Área de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Morgana Gagiolla
- Faculdade Especializada na Área de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Kerber
- Faculdade Especializada na Área de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Caetano
- Faculdade Especializada na Área de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Carboni
- Faculdade Especializada na Área de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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17
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Toothbrushing abrasion susceptibility of enamel and dentin bleached with calcium-supplemented hydrogen peroxide gel. J Dent 2016; 49:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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