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Singh J, Singh A, Nath M. A divergent one-pot thiol-Michael strategy to create β-thiophene-fused porphyrins. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4369-4377. [PMID: 38738686 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00598h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A divergent one-pot domino strategy for the synthesis of nickel(II) and copper(II) β-thiophene-fused 5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins was developed through a thiol-Michael addition of thioglycolic/thiolactic acid to the corresponding 2-iminoporphyrins, formed in situ after the reaction of nickel(II) and copper(II) 2-formyl-5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins with sterically hindered tert-butylamine in 1,2-dichloroethane at 80 °C. Interestingly, the reaction of 2-formylporphyrins with comparatively less sterically hindered primary amines and thioglycolic acid afforded a mixture of β-substituted porphyrinic thiazolidinones and β-thiophene-fused porphyrins. A similar one-pot thiol-Michael protocol was applied to construct a novel free-base thieno[2,3-b]-meso-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin, which underwent zinc insertion by using zinc acetate in a CHCl3-MeOH mixture and afforded zinc(II) β-thiophene-fused meso-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin in an appreciable isolated yield. On photophysical evaluation, these new porphyrins displayed a modest bathochromically shifted electronic absorption in contrast to meso-tetraarylporphyrin building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagmeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Abhijeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Mahendra Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
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β-Pyrrole functionalized porphyrins: Synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in sensing and DSSC. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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β-Substituted ZnII porphyrins as dyes for DSSC: A possible approach to photovoltaic windows. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schmitz B, Li B, Waruna Jinadasa RG, Lalvani SB, Kerr LL, Wang H. Benzoporphyrins bearing pyridine or pyridine-N-oxide anchoring groups as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cell. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461650036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel benzoporphyrins bearing pyridine or pyridine-[Formula: see text]-oxide groups were prepared through a concise method based on a Pd0 catalyzed cascade reaction. These benzoporphyrins were examined as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Vicinal pyridine and vicinal pyridine-[Formula: see text]-oxide groups were introduced as new types of anchoring/acceptor groups for dye-sensitized solar cells for the first time. While all the porphyrins showed solar to electricity conversion, benzoporphyrins bearing pyridine-[Formula: see text]-oxide anchoring groups displayed higher conversion efficiency than benzoporphyrins bearing pyridine-anchoring groups.Opp-dibenzoporphyrins display broadened and red-shifted UV-vis absorption and emission bands as compared with those of the monobenzoporphyrins, which arises from the fusion of one more benzene ring and the attachment of two more electron-withdrawing groups to the porphyrin [Formula: see text]-positions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) data and DFT calculation data obtained for these porphyrins agree well with their UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic data. The HOMO energy level derived from the first oxidation potentials indicate that regeneration of the resulting porphyrin radical cation by the redox mediator (I[Formula: see text]/I[Formula: see text] is thermodynamically feasible for all these benzoporphyrin sensitizers (3, 5, 8 and 10). On the other hand, excited state energy levels of these benzoporphyrins calculated from the CV data, the UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopic data are all slightly lower than the energy level of the conduction band of TiO2, suggesting insufficient driving force for efficient electron injection from the porphyrin excited singlet state to the conduction band of TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Bihong Li
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - R. G. Waruna Jinadasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Shashi B. Lalvani
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Lei L. Kerr
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Grover N, Sankar M, Song Y, Kadish KM. Asymmetrically Crowded “Push–Pull” Octaphenylporphyrins with Modulated Frontier Orbitals: Syntheses, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Redox Properties. Inorg Chem 2015; 55:584-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Grover
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Yang Song
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Narra VK, Ullah H, Singh VK, Giribabu L, Senthilarasu S, Karazhanov S, Tahir AA, Mallick TK, Upadhyaya HM. D–π–A system based on zinc porphyrin dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells: Combined experimental and DFT–TDDFT study. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Vijay Kumar C, Cabau L, Koukaras EN, Sharma GD, Palomares E. Synthesis, optical and electrochemical properties of the A-π-D-π-A porphyrin and its application as an electron donor in efficient solution processed bulk heterojunction solar cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:179-189. [PMID: 25408154 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A conjugated acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-π-D-π-A) with the Zn-porphyrin core and the di-cyanovinyl substituted thiophene (A) connected at meso positions denoted as was designed and synthesized. The optical and electrochemical properties of were investigated. This new porphyrin exhibits a broad and intense absorption in the visible and near infrared regions. Bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solution processed organic solar cells based on this porphyrin, as electron donor material, and PC71BM ([6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester), as electron acceptor material, were fabricated using THF and a pyridine-THF solvent exhibiting a power conversion efficiency of 3.65% and 5.24%, respectively. The difference in efficiencies is due to the enhancement of the short circuit current J(sc) and FF of the solar cell, which is ascribed to a stronger and broader incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) response and a better balanced charge transport in the device processed with the pyridine-THF solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Challuri Vijay Kumar
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Ladomenou K, Kitsopoulos TN, Sharma GD, Coutsolelos AG. The importance of various anchoring groups attached on porphyrins as potential dyes for DSSC applications. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of different anchoring groups in the efficiency of porphyrin dye sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ladomenou
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - G. D. Sharma
- R&D Centre for Engineering and Science
- JEC Group of Colleges
- Jaipur, India
| | - A. G. Coutsolelos
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Kang SH, Kang MS, Choi IT, Hong JY, Ju MJ, Kim HK. D-π-A Structured ZnII-Porphyrin Dyes with Thiophene Moiety for Highly Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Balanay MP, Kim KH, Lee SH, Kim DH. Tuning the photovoltaic parameters of β-substituted porphyrin analogues: An experimental and theoretical approach. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Nature has chosen chlorophylls in plants as antennae to harvest light for the conversion of solar energy in complicated photosynthetic processes. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, scientists utilized artificial chlorophylls - the porphyrins - as efficient centres to harvest light for solar cells sensitized with a porphyrin (PSSC). After the first example appeared in 1993 of a porphyrin of type copper chlorophyll as a photosensitizer for PSSC that achieved a power conversion efficiency of 2.6%, no significant advance of PSSC was reported until 2005; beta-linked zinc porphyrins were then reported to show promising device performances with a benchmark efficiency of 7.1% reported in 2007. Meso-linked zinc porphyrin sensitizers in the first series with a push-pull framework appeared in 2009; the best cell performed comparably to that of a N3-based device, and a benchmark 11% was reported for a porphyrin sensitizer of this type in 2010. With a structural design involving long alkoxyl chains to envelop the porphyrin core to suppress the dye aggregation for a push-pull zinc porphyrin, the PSSC achieved a record 12.3% in 2011 with co-sensitization of an organic dye and a cobalt-based electrolyte. The best PSSC system exhibited a panchromatic feature for light harvesting covering the visible spectral region to 700 nm, giving opportunities to many other porphyrins, such as fused and dimeric porphyrins, with near-infrared absorption spectral features, together with the approach of molecular co-sensitization, to enhance the device performance of PSSC. According to this historical trend for the development of prospective porphyrin sensitizers used in PSSC, we review systematically the progress of porphyrins of varied kinds, and their derivatives, applied in PSSC with a focus on reports during 2007-2012 from the point of view of molecular design correlated with photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lin Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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