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Fernandes SR, Meireles AN, Marques SS, Silva L, Barreiros L, Sampaio-Maia B, Miró M, Segundo MA. Sample preparation and chromatographic methods for the determination of protein-bound uremic retention solutes in human biological samples: An overview. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123578. [PMID: 36610265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein-bound uremic retention solutes, such as indole-3-acetic acid, indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol and p-cresol sulfate, are associated with the development of several pathologies, namely renal, cardiovascular, and bone toxicities, due to their potential accumulation in the human body, thus requiring analytical methods for monitoring and evaluation. The present review addresses conventional and advanced sample treatment procedures for sample handling and the chromatographic analytical methods developed for quantification of these compounds in different biological fluids, with particular focus on plasma, serum, and urine. The sample preparation and chromatographic methods coupled to different detection systems are critically discussed, focusing on the different steps involved for sample treatment, namely elimination of interfering compounds present in the sample matrix, and the evaluation of their environmental impact through the AGREEprep tool. There is a clear trend for the application of liquid-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, which requires protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction and/or dilution prior to analysis of biological samples. Furthermore, from a sustainability point of view, miniaturized methods resorting to microplate devices are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia N Meireles
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara S Marques
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa Barreiros
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica / I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122-Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Comparison of Carbon‐based Electrodes for Detection of Cresols in Voltammetry and HPLC with Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nandini E, Arunraj B, Rajesh N, Rajesh V. Improvised method for urinary p-cresol detection and measurement using high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02978. [PMID: 31867460 PMCID: PMC6906659 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has been implicated in many disorders including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). ASD is a neurodevelopmental brain disorder affecting individuals leading to restricted and repetitive pattern of behaviour and disruption of communication and social interactions. Altered microbiome and the presence or absence of key species capable of affecting specific responses in levels of their fermentation products are reflected in the urinary metabolite profile of patients. The aim of our study is to develop an improvised method for the detection and quantification of urinary p-cresol levels which could serve as an indicator for GI microbial dysbiosis. The p-cresol analysis was achieved using HPLC by a reverse phase C18 column with mobile phase composition of Acetonitrile/water/formic acid (10:90:0.05, v/v/v) in an isocratic mode of elution with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The mass analysis of p-cresol was performed using LC-MS [Triple Quadrupole Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer] in negative ESI mode with electron multiplier detector. p-cresol was eluted at a retention time of approximately 3.4 min. The standard calibration curves had a superior regression coefficient of greater than 0.99 (R2 > 0.99) and were linear over a range from 0.0005 mg/mL to 0.015 mg/mL. The method was validated by analysis of six replicates with 0.08% relative standard deviation and method detection and quantification limits were 20 ng/mL and 50 ng/mL respectively. Further validation of method on real urine samples from two groups of children (Control population:< 10 years of age; 5M: 3F and ASD individuals: <10 years of age; All males) showed that detection was effective over a wide range of metabolite at levels as high as 149.73 μg/mL to as low as 0.897 μg/mL. This study reports a rapid, validated and sensitive method for the detection of p-cresol in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nandini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500 078, India
| | - B Arunraj
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500 078, India
| | - N Rajesh
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500 078, India
| | - Vidya Rajesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500 078, India
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Lee JE, Lim HH, Shin HS. Simultaneous determination of 15 BTEX hydroxyl biomarkers in urine by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Takeuchi A, Namera A, Sakui N, Yamamoto S, Yamamuro K, Nishinoiri O, Endo Y, Endo G. Direct methyl esterification with 2,2-dimethoxypropane for the simultaneous determination of urinary metabolites of toluene, xylene, styrene, and ethylbenzene by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Occup Health 2019; 61:82-90. [PMID: 30698338 PMCID: PMC6499357 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and accurate gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) method for simultaneous determination of four urinary metabolites from four organic solvents, that is, hippuric acid (HA) from toluene, methylhippuric acid (MHA) from xylene, and mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) from styrene or ethylbenzene for biological monitoring. Methods The four metabolites were directly methyl‐esterified with 2,2‐dimethoxypropane and analyzed using GC‐MS. The proposed method was validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidance. The accuracy of the proposed method was confirmed by analyzing a ClinChek®—Control for occupational medicine (RECIPE Chemicals +Instruments GmbH). Results Calibration curves showed linearity in the concentration range of 10‐1000 mg/L for each metabolite, with correlation coefficients >0.999. For each metabolite, the limits of detection and quantification were 3 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively. The recovery was 93%‐117%, intraday accuracy, expressed as the deviation from the nominal value, was 92.7%‐103.0%, and intraday precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), was 1.3%‐4.7%. Interday accuracy and precision were 93.4%‐104.0% and 1.2%‐9.5%, respectively. The analytical values of ClinChek obtained using the proposed method were sufficiently accurate. Conclusions The proposed method is a simple and accurate which is suitable for routine analyses that could be used for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to four organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Takeuchi
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
| | - Akira Namera
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | | | - Shinobu Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Measurement and Control, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan.,Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamamuro
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishinoiri
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
| | - Yoko Endo
- Endo Occupational Health Consultant Office, Japan
| | - Ginji Endo
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
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Bahrami A, Ghamari F, Yamini Y, Ghorbani Shahna F, Moghimbeigi A. Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane Extraction Combined with HPLC-UV for Simultaneous Preconcentration and Determination of Urinary Hippuric Acid and Mandelic Acid. MEMBRANES 2017; 7:membranes7010008. [PMID: 28208685 PMCID: PMC5371969 DOI: 10.3390/membranes7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a new extraction method with hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction based on facilitated pH gradient transport for analyzing hippuric acid and mandelic acid in aqueous samples. The factors affecting the metabolites extraction were optimized as follows: the volume of sample solution was 10 mL with pH 2 containing 0.5 mol·L−1 sodium chloride, liquid membrane containing 1-octanol with 20% (w/v) tributyl phosphate as the carrier, the time of extraction was 150 min, and stirring rate was 500 rpm. The organic phase immobilized in the pores of a hollow fiber was back-extracted into 24 µL of a solution containing sodium carbonate with pH 11, which was placed inside the lumen of the fiber. Under optimized conditions, the high enrichment factors of 172 and 195 folds, detection limit of 0.007 and 0.009 µg·mL−1 were obtained. The relative standard deviation (RSD) (%) values for intra- and inter-day precisions were calculated at 2.5%–8.2% and 4.1%–10.7%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of these metabolites in real urine samples. The results indicated that hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) based on facilitated pH gradient transport can be used as a sensitive and effective method for the determination of mandelic acid and hippuric acid in urine specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Bahrami
- Excellence Centre of Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838736, Iran.
| | - Farhad Ghamari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak 3819693345, Iran.
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran.
| | - Farshid Ghorbani Shahna
- Excellence Centre of Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838736, Iran.
| | - Abbas Moghimbeigi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Center of Health Research, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan 6517838736, Iran.
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Suh JH, Lee HY, Kim U, Eom HY, Kim J, Cho HD, Han SB. Simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene metabolites in human urine using electromembrane extraction combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:4276-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Unyong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Han Young Eom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun-Deok Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
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Riches JR, Read RW, Black RM, Harrison JM, Shand DA, Tomsett EV, Newsome CR, Bailey NC, Roughley N, Gravett MR, Stubbs SJ, McColm RR. The development of an analytical method for urinary metabolites of the riot control agent 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 928:125-30. [PMID: 23624235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of biomedical samples such as urine and blood can provide evidence of exposure to chemicals for a range of applications including occupational exposure monitoring, detection of drugs of abuse, performance enhancement in sport and investigations of poisoning and incapacitation. This paper reports the development of an analytical method for two suspected urinary metabolites of the riot control agent 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS): 2-chlorohippuric acid and 2-chlorobenzyl-N-acetylcysteine. 2-Chlorohippuric acid was identified in all 2h post-exposure samples from a set of urine samples taken from army recruits exposed to low levels of thermally dispersed CS during training. 2-Chlorobenzyl-N-acetylcysteine, a metabolite known to be formed in the rat, was not identified in any of the samples. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) for 2-chlorohippuric acid and 2-chlorobenzyl-N-acetylcysteine was 1ng/ml and 0.5ng/ml in pooled urine from the pre-exposed subjects. 2-Chlorohippuric acid was rapidly excreted but was detectable in the urine of 17 of the 19 subjects tested 20h after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Riches
- Detection Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK.
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