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Abstract
Excess protons play a key role in the chemical reactions of ice because of their exceptional mobility, even when the diffusion of atoms and molecules is suppressed in ice at low temperatures. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the properties of excess protons in ice, with a focus on the involvement of protons in chemical reactions. The mechanism of efficient proton transport in ice, which involves a proton-hopping relay along the hydrogen-bond ice network and the reorientation of water, is discussed and compared with the inefficient transport of hydroxide in ice. Distinctly different properties of protons residing in the ice interior and on the ice surface are emphasized. Recent observations of the spontaneous occurrence of reactions in ice at low temperatures, which include the dissociation of protic acids and the hydrolysis of acidic oxides, are discussed with regard to the kinetic and thermodynamic effects of mobile protons on the promotion of unique chemical processes of ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hyeong Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Heon Kang
- Department of Chemistry and The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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Potapov A, McCoustra M. Physics and chemistry on the surface of cosmic dust grains: a laboratory view. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2021.1918498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Potapov
- Laboratory Astrophysics Group of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin McCoustra
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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Methikkalam RRJ, Ghosh J, Bhuin RG, Bag S, Ragupathy G, Pradeep T. Iron assisted formation of CO2 over condensed CO and its relevance to interstellar chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8491-8498. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06983f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic conversion of CO to CO2 assisted by neutral iron atoms has been investigated in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) under cryogenic conditions (10 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Rajan J. Methikkalam
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Radha Gobinda Bhuin
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Soumabha Bag
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Gopi Ragupathy
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE)
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
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Kim Y, Noh C, Jung Y, Kang H. The Nature of Hydrated Protons on Platinum Surfaces. Chemistry 2017; 23:17566-17575. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro; Seoul 08826
| | - Chanwoo Noh
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro; Seoul 08826
| | - YounJoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro; Seoul 08826
| | - Heon Kang
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro; Seoul 08826
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Kim Y, Shin S, Kang H. Zundel-like and Eigen-like Hydrated Protons on a Platinum Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7626-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kim Y, Shin S, Kang H. Zundel-like and Eigen-like Hydrated Protons on a Platinum Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shin S, Kang H, Kim JS, Kang H. Phase transitions of amorphous solid acetone in confined geometry investigated by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:13349-56. [PMID: 24889676 DOI: 10.1021/jp503997t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the phase transformations of amorphous solid acetone under confined geometry by preparing acetone films trapped in amorphous solid water (ASW) or CCl4. Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) were used to monitor the phase changes of the acetone sample with increasing temperature. An acetone film trapped in ASW shows an abrupt change in the RAIRS features of the acetone vibrational bands during heating from 80 to 100 K, which indicates the transformation of amorphous solid acetone to a molecularly aligned crystalline phase. Further heating of the sample to 140 K produces an isotropic solid phase, and eventually a fluid phase near 157 K, at which the acetone sample is probably trapped in a pressurized, superheated condition inside the ASW matrix. Inside a CCl4 matrix, amorphous solid acetone crystallizes into a different, isotropic structure at ca. 90 K. We propose that the molecularly aligned crystalline phase formed in ASW is created by heterogeneous nucleation at the acetone-water interface, with resultant crystal growth, whereas the isotropic crystalline phase in CCl4 is formed by homogeneous crystal growth starting from the bulk region of the acetone sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
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Kim Y, Shin S, Moon ES, Kang H. Spectroscopic monitoring of the acidity of water films on Ru(0001): orientation-specific acidity of adsorbed water. Chemistry 2014; 20:3376-83. [PMID: 24677214 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined the acid–base properties of water films adsorbed onto a Ru(0001) substrate by using surface spectroscopic methods in vacuum environments. Ammonia adsorption experiments combined with low-energy sputtering (LES), reactive ion scattering (RIS), reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) measurements showed that the adsorbed water is acidic enough to transfer protons to ammonia. Only the water molecules in an intact water monolayer and water clusters larger than the hexamer exhibit such acidity, whereas small clusters, a thick ice film or a partially dissociated water monolayer that contains OH, H2O and H species are not acidic. The observations indicate the orientation-specific acidity of adsorbed water. The acidity stems from water molecules with H-down adsorption geometry present in the monolayer. However, the dissociation of water into H and OH on the surface does not promote but rather suppresses the proton transfer to ammonia.
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Shin S, Kim Y, Moon ES, Lee DH, Kang H, Kang H. Generation of strong electric fields in an ice film capacitor. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:074201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4818535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bag S, Bhuin RG, Natarajan G, Pradeep T. Probing molecular solids with low-energy ions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:97-118. [PMID: 23495731 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion/surface collisions in the ultralow- to low-energy (1-100-eV) window represent an excellent technique for investigation of the properties of condensed molecular solids at low temperatures. For example, this technique has revealed the unique physical and chemical processes that occur on the surface of ice, versus the liquid and vapor phases of water. Such instrument-dependent research, which is usually performed with spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, has led to new directions in studies of molecular materials. In this review, we discuss some interesting results and highlight recent developments in the area. We hope that access to the study of molecular solids with extreme surface specificity, as described here, will encourage investigators to explore new areas of research, some of which are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumabha Bag
- DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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Kim Y, Moon ES, Shin S, Kang H. Acidic water monolayer on ruthenium(0001). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12806-9. [PMID: 23136134 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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Cyriac J, Pradeep T, Kang H, Souda R, Cooks RG. Low-Energy Ionic Collisions at Molecular Solids. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5356-411. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Cyriac
- DST Unit of
Nanoscience, Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United
States
| | - T. Pradeep
- DST Unit of
Nanoscience, Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - H. Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747,
Republic of Korea
| | - R. Souda
- International
Center for Materials
Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - R. G. Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United
States
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Moon ES, Kim Y, Shin S, Kang H. Asymmetric transport efficiencies of positive and negative ion defects in amorphous ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:226103. [PMID: 23003627 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.226103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydronium (H(3)O(+)) ions at an ice surface penetrate into its interior over a substantially longer distance than hydroxide (OH(-)) ions. The observation was made by conducting reactive ion scattering and infrared spectroscopic measurements for the acid-base reaction between surface H(3)O(+) (or OH(-)) and NH(3) (or NH(4)(+)) trapped inside an amorphous ice film at low temperature (<100 K). The study reveals very different transport efficiencies of positive and negative ion defects in ice. This difference is explained by the occurrence of an efficient proton-relay channel for H(3)O(+), which does not exist for OH(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-seong Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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Kim S, Park E, Kang H. Segregation of hydroxide ions to an ice surface. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:074703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3625435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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