1
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Nourizad A, Golmohammadi S, Aghanejad A, Tohidkia MR. Recent trends in aptamer-based nanobiosensors for detection of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) biomarker: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116726. [PMID: 37495062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a remarkable cytokine that plays an important role in regulating vascular formation during the angiogenesis process. Therefore, real-time detection and quantification of VEGF is essential for clinical diagnosis and treatment due to its overexpression in various tumors. Among various sensing strategies, the aptamer-based sensors in combination with biological molecules improve the detection ability VEGFs. Aptamers are suitable biological recognition agents for the preparation of sensitive and reproducible aptasensors (Apt-sensors) due to their low immunogenicity, simple and straightforward chemical modification, and high resistance to denaturation. Here, a summary of the strategies for immobilization of aptamers (e.g., direct or self-assembled monolayer (SAM) attachment, etc.) on different types of electrodes was provided. Moreover, we discussed nanoparticle deposition techniques and surface modification methods used for signal amplification in the detection of VEGF. Furthermore, we are investigating various types of optical and electrochemical Apt-sensors used to improve sensor characterization in the detection of VEGF biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Nourizad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Golmohammadi
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza General Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Amraee A, Tohidkia MR, Darvish L, Tarighatnia A, Robatmili N, Rahimi A, Rezaei N, Ansari F, Teshnizi SH, Aghanejad A. Spinal Reirradiation-Mediated Myelopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2023; 35:576-585. [PMID: 37301719 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reirradiation of the spine is carried out in 42% of patients who do not respond to treatment or have recurrent pain. However, there are few studies and data on the effect of reirradiation of the spine and the occurrence of acute and chronic side-effects caused by reirradiation, such as myelopathy, in these patients. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the safe dose in terms of biological effective dose (BED), cumulative dose and dose interval between BED1 and BED2 to decrease or prevent myelopathy and pain control in patients undergoing radiation therapy in the spinal cord. A search was carried out using EMBASE, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Google Scholar, Cochrane Collaboration library electronic databases, Magiran, and SID from 2000 to 2022 to recognise qualified studies. In total, 17 primary studies were applied to estimate the pooled effect size. The random effects model showed that the pooled BED in the first stage, the BED in the second stage and the cumulative BED1 and BED2 were estimated at 77.63, 58.35 and 115.34 Gy, respectively. Studies reported on dose interval. The results of a random effects model showed that the pooled interval was estimated at 13.86 months. The meta-analysis revealed that using appropriate BED1 and/or BED2 in a safe interval between the first and second phases of treatment can have an influential role in preventing or reducing the effects of myelopathy and regional control pain in spinal reirradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amraee
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - M R Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - L Darvish
- Mother and Child Welfare Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - A Tarighatnia
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - N Robatmili
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sina Hospital, Arak, Iran; Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Rahimi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Rezaei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Ansari
- Department of Radiation Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nursing and Midwifery School, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar-abbas, Iran
| | - S H Teshnizi
- Nursing and Midwifery School, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar-abbas, Iran
| | - A Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza General Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Kheyrolahzadeh K, Tohidkia MR, Tarighatnia A, Shahabi P, Nader ND, Aghanejad A. Theranostic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells: Insight into recent trends and challenges in solid tumors. Life Sci 2023; 328:121917. [PMID: 37422069 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy has reached significant milestones in various life-threatening diseases, including cancer. Cell therapy using fluorescent and radiolabeled chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell is a successful strategy for diagnosing or treating malignancies. Since cell therapy approaches have different results in cancers, the success of hematological cancers has yet to transfer to solid tumor therapy, leading to more casualties. Therefore, there are many areas for improvement in the cell therapy platform. Understanding the therapeutic barriers associated with solid cancers through cell tracking and molecular imaging may provide a platform for effectively delivering CAR-T cells into solid tumors. This review describes CAR-T cells' role in treating solid and non-solid tumors and recent advances. Furthermore, we discuss the main obstacles, mechanism of action, novel strategies and solutions to overcome the challenges from molecular imaging and cell tracking perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Kheyrolahzadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza General Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Tarighatnia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nader D Nader
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza General Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Safari B, Aghazadeh M, Aghanejad A. Osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a bisphosphonate-functionalized polycaprolactone/gelatin scaffold. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124573. [PMID: 37100325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in bone tissue engineering have focused on the development of biomimetic constructs with appropriate mechanical and physiochemical properties. Here, we report the fabrication of an innovative biomaterial scaffold based on a new bisphosphonate-containing synthetic polymer combined with gelatin. To this end, zoledronate (ZA)-functionalized polycaprolactone (PCL-ZA) was synthesized by a chemical grafting reaction. After adding gelatin to the PCL-ZA polymer solution, the porous PCL-ZA/gelatin scaffold was fabricated by the freeze-casting method. A scaffold with aligned pores and a porosity of 82.04 % was obtained. During in vitro biodegradability test, 49 % of its initial weight lost after 5 weeks. The elastic modulus of the PCL-ZA/gelatin scaffold was 31.4 MPa, and its tensile strength was 4.2 MPa. Based on the results of MTT assay, the scaffold had good cytocompatibility with human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hADMSCs). Furthermore, cells grown in PCL-ZA/gelatin scaffold showed the highest mineralization and ALP activity compared to other test groups. Results of the RT-PCR test revealed that RUNX2, COL 1A1, and OCN genes were expressed in PCL-ZA/gelatin scaffold at the highest level, suggesting its good osteoinductive capacity. These results revealed that PCL-ZA/gelatin scaffold could be considered a proper biomimetic platform for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Safari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Aghazadeh
- Oral Medicine Department of Dental Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza General Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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5
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Torabi M, Aghanejad A, Savadi P, Barzegari A, Omidi Y, Barar J. Fabrication of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted delivery of sunitinib to ovarian cancer cells. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2023; 13:255-267. [PMID: 37431477 PMCID: PMC10329750 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2023.25298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) are considered innovative multifunctional structures for targeted drug delivery owing to their outstanding physicochemical characteristics. METHODS MSNPs were fabricated using the sol-gel method, and polyethylene glycol-600 (PEG600) was used for MSNPs modification. Subsequently, sunitinib (SUN) was loaded into the MSNPs, MSNP-PEG and MSNP-PEG/SUN were grafted with mucin 16 (MUC16) aptamers. The nanosystems (NSs) were characterized using FT-IR, TEM, SEM, DLS, XRD, BJH, and BET. Furthermore, the biological impacts of MSNPs were evaluated on the ovarian cancer cells by MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS The results revealed that the MSNPs have a spherical shape with an average dimension, pore size, and surface area of 56.10 nm, 2.488 nm, and 148.08 m2g-1, respectively. The cell viability results showed higher toxicity of targeted MSNPs in MUC16 overexpressing OVCAR-3 cells as compared to the SK-OV-3 cells; that was further confirmed by the cellular uptake results. The cell cycle analysis exhibited that the induction of sub-G1 phase arrest mostly occurred in MSNP-PEG/SUN-MUC16 treated OVCAR-3 cells and MSNP-PEG/SUN treated SK-OV-3 cells. DAPI staining showed apoptosis induction upon exposure to targeted MSNP in MUC16 positive OVCAR-3 cells. CONCLUSION According to our results, the engineered NSs could be considered an effective multifunctional targeted drug delivery platform for the mucin 16 overexpressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Torabi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pouria Savadi
- Di.S.T.A.Bi.F., University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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6
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Siminzar P, Tohidkia MR, Eppard E, Vahidfar N, Tarighatnia A, Aghanejad A. Recent Trends in Diagnostic Biomarkers of Tumor Microenvironment. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 25:464-482. [PMID: 36517729 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) play critical roles in tumor survival, progression, and metastasis and can be considered potential targets for molecular imaging of cancer. The targeting agents for imaging of TME components (e.g., fibroblasts, mesenchymal stromal cells, immune cells, extracellular matrix, blood vessels) provide a promising strategy to target these biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cancers. Moreover, various cancer types have similar tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) features that targeting those biomarkers and offer clinically translatable molecular imaging of cancers. In this review, we categorize and summarize the components in TME which have been targeted for molecular imaging. Moreover, this review updated the recent progress in targeted imaging of TIME biological molecules by various modalities for the early detection of cancer.
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7
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Mohaghegh S, Tarighatnia A, Omidi Y, Barar J, Aghanejad A, Adibkia K. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for MRI-guided Co-delivery of Erlotinib and L-Asparaginase to Ovarian Cancer. J Microencapsul 2022; 39:394-408. [PMID: 35748819 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2022.2094487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM(S) The use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications has been wildly opted due to their unique properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of aptamer-armed MNPs in ovarian cancer treatment and as T2 weighted MRI contrast agent. METHODS Here, we designed MNPs loaded with erlotinib (ERL/SPION-Val-PEG) and conjugated them with anti-mucin16 (MUC16) aptamer to introduce new image-guided nanoparticles (NPs) for targeted drug delivery as well as non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Also, the combination of our nanosystem (NS) along with L-Asparaginase (L-ASPN) led to synergistic effects in terms of reducing cell viability in ovarian cancer cells, which could suggest a novel combination therapy. RESULTS The mean size of our NS was about 63.4 ± 3.4 nm evaluated by DLS analysis and its morphology was confirmed using TEM. Moreover, the functional groups, as well as magnetic properties of our NS, were examined by FT-IR and VSM tests, respectively. The loading efficacy of erlotinib on MNPs was about 80% and its release reached 70.85% over 7 days in the pH value of 5.4. The MR images and flow cytometry results revealed that the cellular uptake of ERL/SPION-Val-PEG-MUC16 NPs in cells with MUC16 overexpression was considerably higher than unarmed NPs. In addition, T2-weight MR images of ovarian cancer-bearing mice indicated significant signal intensity changes at the tumor site 4 h after intravenous injection compared to the non-target MNPs. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest ERL/SPION-Val-PEG NPs as an image-guided co-drug delivery system for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraj Mohaghegh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Tarighatnia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Kadkhoda J, Tarighatnia A, Tohidkia MR, Nader ND, Aghanejad A. Photothermal therapy-mediated autophagy in breast cancer treatment: Progress and trends. Life Sci 2022; 298:120499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Aghanejad A, Bonab SF, Sepehri M, Haghighi FS, Tarighatnia A, Kreiter C, Nader ND, Tohidkia MR. A review on targeting tumor microenvironment: The main paradigm shift in the mAb-based immunotherapy of solid tumors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:592-610. [PMID: 35296439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as biological macromolecules have been remarked the large and growing pipline of the pharmaceutical market and also the most promising tool in modern medicine for cancer therapy. These therapeutic entities, which consist of whole mAbs, armed mAbs (i.e., antibody-toxin conjugates, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody-radionuclide conjugates), and antibody fragments, mostly target tumor cells. However, due to intrinsic heterogeneity of cancer diseases, tumor cells targeting mAb have been encountered with difficulties in their unpredictable efficacy as well as variability in remission and durable clinical benefits among cancer patients. To address these pitfalls, the area has undergone two major evolutions with the intent of minimizing anti-drug responses and addressing limitations experienced with tumor cell-targeted therapies. As a novel hallmark of cancer, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is becoming the great importance of attention to develop innovative strategies based on therapeutic mAbs. Here, we underscore innovative strategies targeting TME by mAbs which destroy tumor cells indirectly through targeting vasculature system (e.g., anti-angiogenesis), immune system modulation (i.e., stimulation, suppression, and depletion), the targeting and blocking of stroma-based growth signals (e.g., cancer-associated fibroblasts), and targeting cancer stem cells, as well as, their effector mechanisms, clinical uses, and relevant mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Farashi Bonab
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sepehri
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Haghighi
- Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Tarighatnia
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Christopher Kreiter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nader D Nader
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Foroughi‐Nia B, Aghanejad A, Kadkhoda J, Barar J, Nosrati H, Davaran S. AS1411 conjugated magnetic‐based poly N‐isopropyl acrylamide nanoparticles for delivery of erlotinib to prostate cancer cells. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Foroughi‐Nia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Jamileh Kadkhoda
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Hamed Nosrati
- Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Soudabeh Davaran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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11
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Kadkhoda J, Aghanejad A, Safari B, Barar J, Rasta SH, Davaran S. Aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles for targeted paclitaxel delivery and photothermal therapy in breast cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Recent advances and trends in nanoparticles based photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102697. [PMID: 34936918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Light-mediated therapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have been exploited as minimally invasive techniques for ablation of various tumors., Both modalities may eradicate tumors with minimal side effects to normal tissues and organs. Moreover, developments of light-mediated approaches using nanoparticles (NPs) and photosensitizer (PS) as diagnostic and therapeutic agents may have a crucial role in achieving successful cancer treatment. In recent years, novel nanoplatforms and strategies have been investigated to boost the therapeutic effect.. In this regard, gold, iron oxide, graphene oxide nanoparticles and hybrid nanocomposites have attracted attention.. Moreover, the combination of these materials with PS, in the form of hybrid NPs, reduces in vitro and in vivo normal tissue cytotoxicity, improves their solubility property in the biological environment and enhances the therapeutic effects. In this review, we look into the basic principles of PTT and PDT with their strengths and limitations to treat cancers. We also will discuss light-based nanoparticles and their PTT and PDT applications in the preclinical and clinical translation. Also, recent advances and trends in this field will be discussed along with the clinical challenges of PTT and PDT.
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13
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Abourehab MAS, Alqahtani AM, Youssif BGM, Gouda AM. Globally Approved EGFR Inhibitors: Insights into Their Syntheses, Target Kinases, Biological Activities, Receptor Interactions, and Metabolism. Molecules 2021; 26:6677. [PMID: 34771085 PMCID: PMC8587155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the EGFR with small-molecule inhibitors is a confirmed valid strategy in cancer therapy. Since the FDA approval of the first EGFR-TKI, erlotinib, great efforts have been devoted to the discovery of new potent inhibitors. Until now, fourteen EGFR small-molecule inhibitors have been globally approved for the treatment of different types of cancers. Although these drugs showed high efficacy in cancer therapy, EGFR mutations have emerged as a big challenge for these drugs. In this review, we focus on the EGFR small-molecule inhibitors that have been approved for clinical uses in cancer therapy. These drugs are classified based on their chemical structures, target kinases, and pharmacological uses. The synthetic routes of these drugs are also discussed. The crystal structures of these drugs with their target kinases are also summarized and their bonding modes and interactions are visualized. Based on their binding interactions with the EGFR, these drugs are also classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors. The cytotoxicity of these drugs against different types of cancer cell lines is also summarized. In addition, the proposed metabolic pathways and metabolites of the fourteen drugs are discussed, with a primary focus on the active and reactive metabolites. Taken together, this review highlights the syntheses, target kinases, crystal structures, binding interactions, cytotoxicity, and metabolism of the fourteen globally approved EGFR inhibitors. These data should greatly help in the design of new EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alaa M. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahaa G. M. Youssif
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Gouda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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14
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Hashemzadeh N, Aghanejad A, Dalir Abdolahinia E, Dolatkhah M, Barzegar-Jalali M, Omidi Y, Barar J, Adibkia K. Targeted combined therapy in 2D and 3D cultured MCF-7 cells using metformin and erlotinib-loaded mesoporous silica magnetic nanoparticles. J Microencapsul 2021; 38:472-485. [PMID: 34511038 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1979672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM This research aims to develop potential therapeutic nanostructures (NSs) encapsulating metformin (MET) and erlotinib (ER) for combinational therapy in breast cancer. METHODS The ER and MET, both were loaded on mesoporous silica magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with polyethylene glycol and methotrexate to achieve targeted NSs. The developed NSs were characterised using SEM, DLS, and FTIR. Afterward, MTT, Trypan blue, and DNA extraction assays were operated for biological evaluations in the 2D and 3D MCF-7 cells. RESULTS Physicochemical approaches indicated the mean diameter of 69.4 nm ± 9.5 (PDI = 0.64), and neutral charge (2 mv) for the developed NSs. MET and ER-loaded NSs exhibited 62.56% ± 4.41 and 67.73% ± 3.03 drug release amount in pH = 5.4, respectively. MTT assay revealed that ER- and MET-loaded NSs had less metabolic activity (≈ 20%) in comparison with non-targeted NSs. CONCLUSION Overall, our combined ER and MET-loaded targeted NSs result in a synergistic inhibitory impact on MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Hashemzadeh
- Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mitra Dolatkhah
- Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Kadkhoda J, Akrami-Hasan-Kohal M, Tohidkia MR, Khaledi S, Davaran S, Aghanejad A. Advances in antibody nanoconjugates for diagnosis and therapy: A review of recent studies and trends. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:664-678. [PMID: 34224755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the targeted imaging probe and drug delivery systems are the novel breakthrough area in the nanomedicine and treatment of various diseases. Conjugation of monoclonal antibodies and their fragments on nanoparticles (NPs) have a remarkable impact on personalized medicine, such that it provides specific internalization and accumulation in the tumor microenvironment. Targeted imaging and early detection of cancer is presumably the strong participant to a diminution in mortality and recurrence of cancer disease that will be the next generation of the imaging device in clinical application. These intelligent delivery systems can deliver therapeutic agents that target cancerous tissue with minimal side effects and a wide therapeutic window. Overall, the linkage between the antibody and NPs is a critical subject and requires precise design and development. The attachment of antibody nanoconjugates (Ab-NCs) on the antigen surface shouldn't affect the function of the antibody-antigen binding. Also, the stability of the antibody nanoconjugates in blood circulation is concerned to avoid the release of drug in non-targeted regions and the possible for specific toxicity while disposal to the desired site. Here, we update the recent progress of Ab-NCs to improve early detection and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Kadkhoda
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akrami-Hasan-Kohal
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 1591634311, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Khaledi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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16
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Progresses in polymeric nanoparticles for delivery of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Life Sci 2021; 278:119642. [PMID: 34033837 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), as an important class of chemotherapeutic drugs, induce apoptosis by altering the path of the cellular signal, resulting in cell death. However, some chemotherapeutic drugs have a limited therapeutic index and are usually destructive as well as unpredictable. In addition, the limitation of early diagnosis and inefficiency of some of the drugs in ordinary treatments lead to disease progression and decreases in the survival of cancer patients. For this purpose, various methods have been proposed, among them, nanomedicine has transpired as a modern approach for the treatment of multiple cancers. Over the last two decades, targeted therapy has been developed for cancer-specific cells/tissues and has rather restricted nonselective toxicities. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated nanoparticles (NPs), nano-scale drugs, and nano-carriers alone or in combination with other therapeutic, imaging, and theranostic agents would be applied as an effective approach targeting a diversity of malignant tissue. Therefore, using the latest advances in materials science and biomaterials, biology, it has happened that general diagnosis and treatment can be performed. In this review, we indicated the applications of theranostic nano-polymer and nano-liposome to TKIs delivery.
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17
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Nabi PN, Vahidfar N, Tohidkia MR, Hamidi AA, Omidi Y, Aghanejad A. Mucin-1 conjugated polyamidoamine-based nanoparticles for image-guided delivery of gefitinib to breast cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:185-197. [PMID: 33516855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PAMAM dendrimers (PAMs) are a group of polymeric macromolecules with distinctive physicochemical features, which can make them multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles (NPs). This study was designed to examine the impact of mucin-1 aptamer-conjugated NPs which were engineered using PAM for image-guided delivery of gefitinib (GEF) in the breast cancer cells/tumor. For this, PAMAM was conjugated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and modified with PEG2000 to prepare a multi-functionalized NPs. Subsequently, GEF was loaded onto the DTPA-PAM-PEG NPs, which were then armed with MUC-1 aptamer to form the DTPA-PAM-PEG/GEF@MUC-1 nanosystem. Finally, aptamer-conjugated NPs were radiolabeled by gallium-67 as an imaging agent to construct image-guided nanoplatforms. The prepared NPs were characterized by different techniques. The kinetic release models of gefitinib from radiolabeled NPs offer the sustained-release mechanism of the encapsulated drug for over 7 days. In vitro evaluation showed higher cytotoxicity and enhanced uptake of the mucin-grafted NPs in MCF-7 cells. Nuclear medicine imaging and in vivo investigations revealed significant accumulation of 67Ga-DTPA-PAM-PEG/GEF@MUC-1 in the tumor site of the animal models. These data suggest that the engineered NPs are a promising image-guided nanosystem for mucin-expressing breast cells/tumors with the assistance of nuclear medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorya Najjari Nabi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Vahidfar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Hamidi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, FL, USA
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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18
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Tarighatnia A, Abdkarimi MH, Nader ND, Mehdipour T, Fouladi MR, Aghanejad A, Ghadiri H. Mucin-16 targeted mesoporous nano-system for evaluation of cervical cancer via dual-modal computed tomography and ultrasonography. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica-coated bismuth nanoparticles (NPs) are dual-modal contrast agents that enable detection and quantification of cervical cancers at early stages using computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tarighatnia
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for molecular and cellular imaging (RCMCI), Advanced Medical Technologies and Equipment Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nader D. Nader
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tayebeh Mehdipour
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fouladi
- Research Center for molecular and cellular imaging (RCMCI), Advanced Medical Technologies and Equipment Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghadiri
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for molecular and cellular imaging (RCMCI), Advanced Medical Technologies and Equipment Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Ajoolabady A, Aghanejad A, Bi Y, Zhang Y, Aslkhodapasandhukmabad H, Abhari A, Ren J. Enzyme-based autophagy in anti-neoplastic management: From molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188366. [PMID: 32339608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-cannibalization process commonly found in all eukaryotic cells. Through autophagy, long-lived or damaged organelles, superfluous proteins, and pathogens are sequestered and encapsulated into the double-membrane autophagosomes prior to fusion with lysosomes for ultimate degradation and recycling. Given that autophagy is deemed both protective and detrimental in malignancies, the clinical therapeutic utilization of autophagy modulators in cancer has attracted immense attentions over the past decades. Dependence of tumor cells on autophagy during amino acid insufficiency or deprivation has prompted us to explore the underlying autophagy regulatory mechanisms to inject amino acid degrading enzymes and enzyme-based strategies into therapeutic maneuvers of autophagy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaguang Bi
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Alireza Abhari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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20
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Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, Hirshfeld interaction and bio-evaluation studies of 4-amino quinazoline sulfonamide derivatives. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Fathi M, Sahandi Zangabad P, Barar J, Aghanejad A, Erfan-Niya H, Omidi Y. Thermo-sensitive chitosan copolymer-gold hybrid nanoparticles as a nanocarrier for delivery of erlotinib. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:266-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Fathi M, Zangabad PS, Aghanejad A, Barar J, Erfan-Niya H, Omidi Y. Folate-conjugated thermosensitive O-maleoyl modified chitosan micellar nanoparticles for targeted delivery of erlotinib. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 172:130-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Goundry WRF, Boardman K, Cunningham O, Evans M, Jones MF, Millard K, Rozada-Sanchez R, Sawyer Y, Siedlecki P, Whitlock B. The Development of a Dimroth Rearrangement Route to AZD8931. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. F. Goundry
- The
Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Boardman
- The Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Cunningham
- The Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Evans
- The Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin F. Jones
- The Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Millard
- The Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Rozada-Sanchez
- The Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Sawyer
- The
Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Siedlecki
- The Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Whitlock
- The Department
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
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