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Kilroy E, Ring P, Hossain A, Nalbach A, Butera C, Harrison L, Jayashankar A, Vigen C, Aziz-Zadeh L, Cermak SA. Motor performance, praxis, and social skills in autism spectrum disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Autism Res 2022; 15:1649-1664. [PMID: 35785418 PMCID: PMC9543450 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) may have overlapping social and motor skill impairments. This study compares ASD, DCD, and typically developing (TD) youth on a range of social, praxis and motor skills, and investigates the relationship between these skills in each group. Data were collected on participants aged 8–17 (n = 33 ASD, n = 28 DCD, n = 35 TD). Overall, the clinical groups showed some similar patterns of social and motor impairments but diverged in praxis impairments, cognitive empathy, and Theory of Mind ability. When controlling for both social and motor performance impairments, the ASD group showed significantly lower accuracy on imitation of meaningful gestures and gesture to command, indicating a prominent deficit in these praxis skills in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kilroy
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Brain and Creativity Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Priscilla Ring
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anusha Hossain
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexis Nalbach
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christiana Butera
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Brain and Creativity Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura Harrison
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Brain and Creativity Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aditya Jayashankar
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Brain and Creativity Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cheryl Vigen
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Brain and Creativity Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sharon A Cermak
- USC Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Lamash L, Grady-Dominguez P, Mailloux Z, Parham LD, Schaaf RC, Smith Roley S, Gal E. EASI Praxis Tests: Age Trends and Internal Consistency. Am J Occup Ther 2022; 76:23216. [PMID: 35226062 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2022.049145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Ayres Sensory Integration® is an evidence-based practice that requires a comprehensive assessment before intervention. The Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration (EASI) is intended for this purpose, and psychometric data are needed to determine its validity and reliability. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the internal consistency of four EASI Praxis tests and their validity as developmental measures. DESIGN Cross-sectional developmental design. SETTING Participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS Typically developing children and young adolescents, ages 6 to 12 yr (N = 234). Outcomes and Measures: We analyzed four EASI Praxis tests using Cronbach's α, Pearson correlation coefficients, and one-way analysis of variance to explore internal consistency and developmental trends. RESULTS The findings indicate moderate to high internal consistency for all tests. Significant correlations between age and praxis scores indicate that the EASI Praxis tests are sensitive to developmental changes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Occupational therapists can have confidence in the internal consistency and sensitivity to developmental changes of these praxis scores through early adolescence. What This Article Adds: Occupational therapists administering EASI Praxis tests can have confidence that they consistently measure praxis ability and are sensitive to developmental changes across ages 6 to 12 yr. The results suggest that praxis continues to develop into early adolescence, and adolescents may benefit from assessment and intervention targeting praxis ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Lamash
- Liron Lamash, PhD, OT, is Lecturer, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel;
| | - Patricia Grady-Dominguez
- Patricia Grady-Dominguez, MS, OTR/L, is PhD Candidate, Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Zoe Mailloux
- Zoe Mailloux, OTD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Adjunct Associate Professor, College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - L Diane Parham
- L. Diane Parham, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Professor, Occupational Therapy Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Roseann C Schaaf
- Roseann C. Schaaf, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Sciences, and Director, Jefferson Autism Center of Excellence, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susanne Smith Roley
- Susanne Smith Roley, OTD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Cofounder, Collaborative for Leadership in Ayres Sensory Integration® (CLASI), Aliso Viejo, CA
| | - Eynat Gal
- Eynat Gal, PhD, OT, is Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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