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Kearney GP, Corman MK, Johnston JL, Hart ND, Gormley GJ. Towards accountability-centred practices: governance in OSCEs subordinating patient and practitioner clinical experience. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2023; 28:1593-1613. [PMID: 37204520 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-023-10238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
New public management ideals and standards have become increasingly adhered to in health professions education; this is particularly apparent in high-stakes assessment, as a gateway to practice. Using an Institutional Ethnographic approach, we looked at the work involved in running high-stakes Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCEs) throughout an academic year including use of observations, interviews and textual analysis. In our results, we describe three types of 'work'-standardising work, defensibility work and accountability work-summarising these in the discussion as an Accountability Circuit, which shows the organising role of texts on people's work processes. We show how this form of governance mandates a shift towards accountability-centred practices, away from practices which are person-centred; this lens on accountability-centring during high-stakes assessments invites critique of the often-unquestioned emphasis of new public management in health professions education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grainne P Kearney
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland.
| | - Michael K Corman
- School of Culture, Media & Society, The University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Johnston
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Nigel D Hart
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Gerard J Gormley
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
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Loomis KJ, Roll SC, Hardison ME. The role of therapist-patient relationships in facilitating engagement and adherence in upper extremity rehabilitation. Work 2023; 76:1083-1098. [PMID: 37248936 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active patient engagement and adherence are essential for successful rehabilitation outcomes, particularly in complex cases such as work-related musculoskeletal injuries. Although the therapist-patient relationship is a significant component of successful care coordination, there has been limited examination of this relationship within upper extremity musculoskeletal rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE To explore therapists' perspectives on how the therapist-patient relationship intersects with engagement and adherence in the provision of holistic and collaborative rehabilitation services. METHODS Data were collected from four therapists over three months. Descriptive statistics were generated from the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale (SIRAS) and the Rehabilitation Therapy Engagement Scale (RTES) completed by therapists following visits from a sub-sample of patients (n = 14). Weekly semi-structured group interviews (n = 13) were analyzed using an iterative grounded theory-informed process. Emerging themes were identified, refined, and situated within the context of quantitative results. RESULTS SIRAS scores averaged 14.4 (SD: 1.0) and RTES scores averaged 42.5 (SD: 3.5), indicating high perceived patient engagement and adherence. Four themes emerged from therapist interviews: (1) dynamic power; (2) co-constructed engagement; (3) emotional states; (4) complementary therapy contexts. CONCLUSION In this engaged and adherent setting, therapist-patient relationships were complex and intimate, and extended beyond education and physical interventions. Careful management of this relationship was central to active patient participation and engagement. Incorporating holistic techniques may provide more structure for managing and communicating these aspects of care. These findings provide a preliminary understanding of the impact of therapeutic relationships on engagement and collaborative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Loomis
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shawn C Roll
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Hardison
- Occupational Therapy Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Holler R, Chemla I, Maeir A. Disability Orientation of Occupational Therapy Practitioners in Physical Rehabilitation Settings: Tension Between Medical and Social Models in Theory and Practice. Am J Occup Ther 2021; 75:12518. [PMID: 34780606 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2021.042986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE To date, little is known about the extent to which occupational therapy practitioners have adopted the core insights of disability studies. OBJECTIVE To examine the degree to which occupational therapy practitioners endorse the medical model of disability versus the social model of disability in theory and in practice. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Physical rehabilitation facilities, ranging from hospital to community settings. PARTICIPANTS One hundred two Israeli occupational therapy practitioners. Outcomes and Measures: The Orientation toward Disability Scale, constructed for this study, has two dimensions that distinguish between the medical and social models of disability: locus of intervention (the person or environment) and client involvement (extent to which the practitioner fosters the client's autonomy in the rehabilitation process). Each dimension addresses both theoretical and practical endorsements. RESULTS Greater support for the social model of disability was mostly evident in the client involvement dimension, whereas support for the medical model of disability was mostly evident in the locus of intervention dimension. Over both dimensions, the medical model of disability was significantly more endorsed in practice than in theory. Work setting and prior exposure to the social model of disability were found to affect practitioners' disability orientation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Occupational therapy practitioners working in physical rehabilitation are still relatively far from fully adopting the critical insights of the social model of disability. This finding is especially relevant when their actual practice, rather than their theoretical views, is considered and when rehabilitation takes place in out-of-home settings. What This Article Adds: This study offers unique insight into the disability orientation of occupational therapy practitioners, showing a need for more training programs to expose students to the social model of disability. These programs should use critical discussions of the challenges that this model presents to the profession and barriers to implementing it in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Holler
- Roni Holler, PhD, is Senior Lecturer, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Idit Chemla
- Idit Chemla, MScOT, is Graduate Student, School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adina Maeir
- Adina Maeir, PhD, is Associate Professor, School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Balcom S, Doucet S, Dubé A. Observation and Institutional Ethnography: Helping Us to See Better. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:1534-1541. [PMID: 34092144 PMCID: PMC8278555 DOI: 10.1177/10497323211015966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Observation is a staple data collection method, which is used in many qualitative approaches, including both traditional and institutional ethnographies. While observation is one of the most used data collection methods in traditional ethnography, less is written about its use by institutional ethnographers. Institutional ethnography is an approach to social research where the aim is to explicate how peoples' every activities are coordinated or ruled by different institutions. In this article we explore uses of observation as a data collection method, focusing on its use in institutional ethnography. We use examples from the health care literature to show how observation can be beneficial and help institutional ethnographers see better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Balcom
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Shelley Doucet
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Anik Dubé
- Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
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(In/Ex)clusive fitness cultures: an institutional ethnography of group exercise for older adults. AGEING & SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x21000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Older adults benefit greatly from being physically active yet they are the least active generation. To appeal to older consumers, to reduce barriers older adults experience to becoming physically active and to increase the number of physically active older adults, the exercise market has been divided into mainstream fitness and age-segregated programming that specifically targets older adults. This research employed an institutional ethnography approach to understand better the social discourses and material practices that shape socially (in/ex)clusive physical cultures for older exercisers in both mainstream and older-adult group exercise classes. Textual analyses, interviews and field observations revealed that the material and discursive work practices intended to promote inclusivity in group exercise physical cultures actually engendered age-exclusive markets. Herein, we discuss how the guidelines and policies put forth by these certifying bodies, and the training curricula they publish, govern group exercise practices in a manner that tends to align with dominant ideological discourses conflating age and ability. We conclude by arguing that in order to create more inclusive physical cultures, mainstream fitness providers need to embrace options that appeal to potential group exercise consumers of all abilities, regardless of age.
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Hoffmann M, Gustafsson L, Di Tommaso A. Exploring stroke survivors' experiences and understandings of occupational therapy. Scand J Occup Ther 2020; 29:165-174. [PMID: 33054465 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2020.1831060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational therapists view people with stroke as occupational beings who may experience occupational issues. Concurrently, occupational therapy practice is guided by research evidence that supports predominantly impairment-based practices. There has been limited exploration of how people with stroke experience and understand occupational therapy in the context of the potential tension between the professional philosophy and the research-based evidence. AIMS/OBJECTIVE To explore the experience and understanding of occupational therapy with stroke survivors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Interpretative phenomenology guided semi-structured interviews with nine participants from five states across Australia. RESULTS Three themes emerged: Understanding of occupational therapy grows by 'doing' outlines how participants understood occupational therapy based on their individual experiences over time; Personal factors influence the experience highlights how participants had diverse expectations for recovery that influenced their occupational therapy experience. Context shapes occupational therapy experience identified that the therapeutic relationship and context of occupational therapy were important factors in shaping experiences. CONCLUSION Both impairment-based and occupation-based therapy were considered valuable aspects of occupational therapy, representing the proposed tension between the professional philosophy and research-based evidence. Occupation-based and client-centred practice was more often experienced in the outpatient setting, with challenges described for both within the inpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhala Hoffmann
- Former Student Occupational Therapist, Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Louise Gustafsson
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amelia Di Tommaso
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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Sawada T, Tomori K, Kimori Y, Kato M, Wakabayashi M, Ohno K, Seike Y, Saito Y. Routine use proportion and determining factors of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in the real-world setting: A retrospective cross-sectional study in Japan. Br J Occup Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0308022620905444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study is to examine the routine use proportion and factors determining the use of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in the real-world subacute rehabilitation setting. Methods This study retrospectively collected data from all inpatients and occupational therapists at a single Japanese subacute rehabilitation ward during 2017, including Functional Independence Measure motor/cognitive scores, years of experience, and rate of Canadian Occupational Performance Measure administration (that is, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure proportion). Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify the determining factors of daily routine Canadian Occupational Performance Measure use/non-use, after which cut-off values were calculated. Results Of the 619 included clients, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was applied in 232 cases (37%). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed two significant determining factors of its use: Canadian Occupational Performance Measure proportion (odds ratio, 1.06) and Functional Independence Measure cognitive item (odds ratio, 1.22). The cut-off value, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively, were 35.4%, 0.73, and 0.36 ( p < 0.0001) for the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure proportion and 25.5, 0.84, and 0.45 ( p < 0.0001) for the Functional Independence Measure cognitive score. Conclusion The client’s high-level cognitive skill and occupational therapist’s attitude may determine the use of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Sawada
- School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kounosuke Tomori
- School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Kimori
- Department of Rehabilitation, IMS Rehabilitation Center Tokyo Katsushika Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Kato
- Department of Rehabilitation, IMS Itabashi Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kanta Ohno
- School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Seike
- School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sendai Seiyo Gakuin College, Sendai, Japan
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Motta-Ochoa R, Lencucha R, Xu J, Park M. A matter of time: grappling with everyday ethical tensions at the confluence between policy and practice in a psychiatric unit. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2019; 47:medethics-2019-105423. [PMID: 31831526 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2019-105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide insights on emergent ethical tensions experienced by mental health practitioners during system re-organisation, which is sufficiently grounded in empirical data at the local level to inform policy on recovery at institutional and provincial levels. METHOD Ethnographic methods using narrative and critical phenomenological resources over 24 months. FINDINGS Everyday ethical tensions emerged at the confluence of different experiences of time, for example, how a context of increasing pressure to decrease patients' length of stay at the hospital (service-defined time) challenged efforts to listen to and advocate for what mattered to patients (personal time) and maintain the integrity of interventions (clinical time). In this context, practitioners drew on clinical language and that of personal recovery to strategically 'push back', 'play with' or 'take back' time. DISCUSSION Examining everyday practices through ethnographic methods can illuminate the everyday ethical tensions that arise when mental health professionals and psychiatrists grapple with, often competing, goods. Critical phenomenological resources can help expand the structural considerations in empirical ethics, excavate underground practices and raise questions about the conceptual categories undergirding normative ethics. Experiencing-with practitioners in clinical contexts as they encounter and creatively resolve ethical tensions also propose a normative ethics of possibility, to help bridge the gap between empirical and normative ethics. CONCLUSION Focus on the relationship between policy, temporal practices and ethics suggests a reconfiguration of time and re-imagination of ethics in institutional settings in ways that can ultimately benefit patients and professionals alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossio Motta-Ochoa
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raphael Lencucha
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jiameng Xu
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melissa Park
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Culture and Mental Health Research Unit, Institute of Community and Family Psychiatry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Community-based participatory research remodelling occupational therapy to foster older adults’ social participation. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2019; 86:262-276. [DOI: 10.1177/0008417419832338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. Occupational therapists who provide community-based services are well positioned to foster older adults’ social participation. However, community occupational therapists rarely address social participation and require support to change their practice. Purpose. This study initiated a remodelling of community occupational therapy services by (a) selecting practices fostering older adults’ social participation and (b) identifying factors that could affect their integration. Method. A community-based participatory research study was conducted in a large Canadian city. Four focus group meetings and seven individual interviews were held with 28 key informants. Findings. A continuum of emerging practices was identified, including personalized, group-based, and community-based interventions. Potential enablers of these practices included clinical support, better communication, and user involvement. Organizational and systemic barriers were related to the institutional culture and performance indicators. Implications. These results point to innovative ways to foster older adults’ social participation and identify potential enablers and barriers affecting their integration.
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Kearney GP, Corman MK, Hart ND, Johnston JL, Gormley GJ. Why institutional ethnography? Why now? Institutional ethnography in health professions education. PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 8:17-24. [PMID: 30742252 PMCID: PMC6382621 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-019-0499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This 'A Qualitative Space' article takes a critical look at Dorothy Smith's approach to inquiry known as institutional ethnography and its potentiality in contemporary health professions education research. We delve into institutional ethnography's philosophical underpinnings, setting out the ontological shift that the researcher needs to make within this critical feminist approach. We use examples of research into frontline healthcare, into the health work of patients and into education to allow the reader to consider what an institutional ethnography research project might offer. We lay out our vision for potential growth for institutional ethnography research within the health professions education field and explain why we see this as the opportune moment to adopt institutional ethnography to meet some of the challenges facing health professions education in a way that offers informed change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grainne P Kearney
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Michael K Corman
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, and Faculty of Nursing, The University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Nigel D Hart
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Gerard J Gormley
- Clinical Skills Education Centre, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Maritz R, Baptiste S, Darzins SW, Magasi S, Weleschuk C, Prodinger B. Linking occupational therapy models and assessments to the ICF to enable standardized documentation of functioning. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2018; 85:330-341. [PMID: 30442023 DOI: 10.1177/0008417418797146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) can serve as reference for standardized documentation of health in clinical practice. PURPOSE. This study aims to bridge the gap between the ICF and occupational therapy specific concepts, represented by occupational therapy models and their derived assessments. METHOD. Occupational therapy assessments in relation to their models were systematically linked to the ICF, and a compatibility analysis was conducted. To strengthen reliability of the linkings, feedback from the respective assessment hosts was obtained. FINDINGS. Linking tables were developed for the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, and the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool. Similarities and differences between the ICF and the three assessments and their associated models show how they differ from and complement each other. IMPLICATIONS. The findings of this study lay the foundation for standardized documentation in occupational therapy and enhance the practicability of the ICF.
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Healy S, Humphreys E, Kennedy C. A qualitative exploration of how midwives’ and obstetricians’ perception of risk affects care practices for low-risk women and normal birth. Women Birth 2017; 30:367-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sethuraman L, Subodh BN, Murthy P. Validation of vocational assessment tool for persons with substance use disorders. Ind Psychiatry J 2016; 25:59-64. [PMID: 28163409 PMCID: PMC5248421 DOI: 10.4103/0972-6748.196051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work-related problems are a serious concern among persons with substance use but due to lack of a standardized tool to measure it; these problems are neither systematically assessed nor appropriately addressed. Most existing measures of work performance cater to the needs of the workplace rather than focusing on the workers' perception of the difficulties at work. AIM To develop a standardized instrument to measure work-related problems in persons with substance use disorders. METHODS Qualitative data obtained from interviews with substance users were used to develop a scale. The refined list of the scale was circulated among an expert panel for content validation. The modified scale was administered to 150 cases, and 50 cases completed the scale twice at the interval of 2 weeks for test-retest reliability. RESULTS Items with a test-retest reliability kappa coefficient of 0.4 or greater were retained and subjected to factor analysis. The final 45-item scale has a five-factor structure. The value of Cronbach's alpha of the final version of the scale was 0.91. CONCLUSIONS This self-report questionnaire, which can be completed in 10 min, may help us in making a baseline assessment of the work-related impairment among persons with substance use and the impact of substance use on work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanan Sethuraman
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B N Subodh
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka,, India
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Ng SL, Lingard L, Hibbert K, Regan S, Phelan S, Stooke R, Meston C, Schryer C, Manamperi M, Friesen F. Supporting children with disabilities at school: implications for the advocate role in professional practice and education. Disabil Rehabil 2015; 37:2282-90. [PMID: 25738906 PMCID: PMC4673542 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1021021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE School settings are a common practice context for rehabilitation professionals; health advocacy is a common and challenging practice role for professionals in this context. This study explored how pediatric practitioners advocate for children with disabilities at school. Specifically, we examined everyday advocacy in the context of school-based support for children with disabilities. METHOD Our theoretical framework and methodological approach were informed by institutional ethnography, which maps and makes visible hidden social coordinators of work processes with a view to improving processes and outcomes. We included families, educators, and health/rehabilitation practitioners from Ontario. Of the 37 consented informants, 27 were interviewed and 15 observed. Documents and texts were collected from the micro-level (e.g. clinician reports) and the macro-level (e.g. policies). RESULTS Pediatric practitioners' advocacy work included two main work processes: spotlighting invisible disabilities and orienteering the special education terrain. Practitioners advocated indirectly, by proxy, with common proxies being documents and parents. Unintended consequences of advocacy by proxy included conflict and inefficiency, which were often unknown to the practitioner. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide practice-based knowledge about advocacy for children with disabilities, which may be used to inform further development of competency frameworks and continuing education for pediatric practitioners. The findings also show how everyday practices are influenced by policies and social discourses and how rehabilitation professionals may enact change. Implications for Rehabilitation Rehabilitation professionals frequently perform advocacy work. They may find it beneficial to perform advocacy work that is informed by overarching professional and ethical guidelines, and a nuanced understanding of local processes and structures. Competency frameworks and education for pediatric rehabilitation professionals may be improved by: encouraging professionals to consider how their practices, including their written documents, may affect parental burden, (mis)interpretation by document recipients, and potential unintended consequences. Policies and texts, e.g. privacy legislation and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), influence rehabilitation professionals' actions and interactions when supporting children with disabilities at school. An awareness of the influence of policies and texts may enable practitioners to work more effectively within current systems when supporting individuals with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella L. Ng
- Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital,
Toronto,
Canada
- Centre for Ambulatory Care Education, Women's College Hospital,
Toronto,
Canada
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto,
Toronto,
Canada
| | - Lorelei Lingard
- Centre for Education Research & Innovation, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University,
London,
Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University,
London,
Canada
| | - Kathryn Hibbert
- Centre for Education Research & Innovation, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University,
London,
Canada
- Faculty of Education, Western University,
London,
Canada
| | - Sandra Regan
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University,
London,
Canada
| | - Shanon Phelan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta,
Edmonton,
Canada
| | | | - Christine Meston
- Centre for Education Research & Innovation, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University,
London,
Canada
- Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University,
London,
Canada
| | - Catherine Schryer
- Department of Professional Communication, Ryerson University,
Toronto,
Canada
| | | | - Farah Friesen
- Centre for Faculty Development, St. Michael's Hospital,
Toronto,
Canada
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Fransen H, Pollard N, Kantartzis S, Viana-Moldes I. Participatory citizenship: Critical perspectives on client-centred occupational therapy. Scand J Occup Ther 2015; 22:260-6. [PMID: 25937095 DOI: 10.3109/11038128.2015.1020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This article aims to discuss client-centred practice, the current dominant approach within occupational therapy, in relation to participatory citizenship. Occupational therapists work within structures and policies that set boundaries on their engagement with clients, while working with complex, multidimensional social realities. METHODS The authors present a critical discussion shaped by their research, including a survey, discussions at workshops at international conferences, and critical engagement with the literature on occupational therapy, occupation, and citizenship. CONCLUSION A focus on citizenship suggests reframing professional development based on the participation in public life of people as citizens of their society. While occupational therapists often refer to clients in the context of communities, groups, families, and wider society, the term client-centred practice typically represents a particular view of the individual and may sometimes be too limited in application for a more systemic and societal approach. SIGNIFICANCE The authors question the individual focus which has, until recently, been typical of client-centred occupational therapy. Placing citizenship at the core of intervention is a transformative process that assumes all people are citizens and conceives of health as a collective issue, influencing the way we educate, do research, and practise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetty Fransen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
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Prodinger B, Shaw L, Stamm T, Rudman DL. Enacting Occupation-Based Practice: Exploring the Disjuncture between the Daily Lives of Mothers with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Institutional Processes. Br J Occup Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.4276/030802214x14122630932359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Occupation-based approaches are a hallmark of excellence in occupational therapy practice. This article focuses on the disjuncture between how women with rheumatoid arthritis go about their daily lives, that is to say their occupations, and what is addressed during routine visits at a specialized rheumatology outpatient clinic. Method: Institutional ethnography was employed as a method of inquiry to identify the occupations and related issues that were or were not accounted for in health records and addressed within institutional processes. Interviews and participant observations were conducted with seven women with rheumatoid arthritis who were mothers. Hospital records were analysed as texts mediating between the women's daily lives and the rheumatology outpatient clinic. Findings: The analysis revealed that despite the diversity in the ways that the women managed their daily lives, the things that they did were viewed, understood, and addressed only within the boundaries of the standardizing relations that ruled practice in this clinical setting. Institutional processes grounded in biomedical concepts such as functional status or disease activity, as well as clinical assessments that depict these concepts, both shape and limit opportunities for occupational therapists to advance and enact occupation-based practice. Conclusion: In this setting, the complexity of the participants' daily lives and the occupations they engage in remain unaddressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Prodinger
- Group Leader, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland; Graduate Program in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Field of Occupational Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Medical University of Vienna, Department of Rheumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lynn Shaw
- Vice President Academic and Dean, Pacific Coast University for Workplace Health Science, Port Alberni, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tanja Stamm
- Associate Professor, Medical University of Vienna, Department of Rheumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Debbie Laliberte Rudman
- Associate Professor, Western University, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Occupational Therapy, London, Ontario, Canada
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Ng S, Stooke R, Regan S, Hibbert K, Schryer C, Phelan S, Lingard L. An institutional ethnography inquiry of health care work in special education: a research protocol. Int J Integr Care 2013; 13:e033. [PMID: 24179456 PMCID: PMC3812304 DOI: 10.5334/ijic.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Special education for children with chronic health conditions or disabilities requires the integration of health care work with education. This phenomenon occurs in an understudied and challenging context for integrated care despite policies and protocols that outline work processes in this context. We are interested in an approach to inquiry that will allow us to address gaps in current literature and practices in integrated care, and move towards informing policy. STUDY DESIGN AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS Institutional ethnography is an approach to inquiry that maps the actualities of what individuals do at an everyday local level, while examining this work activity in relation to the sociopolitical context. It has been used to change policy and local practice by highlighting disjunctures between policy and actuality. We are adopting institutional ethnography and its three common methods of data collection: document collection, interviews, and observation/shadowing. Informants to this inquiry are chosen from school-based teams, family-centred units and constellations of clinical professionals. METHODS OF ANALYSIS We are following work processes, verbally and visually mapping what is done and by whom. It is important to note that work includes 'unofficial' work, including the work of families and others who may not be assigned an official work role in a policy or protocol. The mediating role of texts in work processes is also being mapped in order to link the local work to the high-level social coordinators. To begin, analysis focuses on local, or micro-level, work processes; next, analysis identifies and explains the macro-level coordination of the local work (i.e. social and political structures). CONCLUSION A primary outcome of this study will be the creation of verbal and visual maps that demonstrate the social organisation of work processes occurring in the health care-special education interface. These maps will make invisible work visible, highlight disjunctures between policy and practice and identify opportunities for change. They will be useful for critical knowledge translation purposes, providing parents and professionals with an awareness of how their individual work fits in to the larger picture of integrating health care work in special education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
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Prodinger B, Shaw L, Rudman DL, Townsend E. Arthritis-Related Occupational Therapy: Making Invisible Ruling Relations Visible Using Institutional Ethnography. Br J Occup Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.4276/030802212x13496921049707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Occupational therapists' intention of enabling women with rheumatoid arthritis to participate in everyday life is fraught with challenges in everyday practice. Method: Inspired by institutional ethnography, this paper aims to make explicit how the work of occupational therapists in an outpatient rheumatology hospital setting is governed within invisible, ruling relations. An analytical description of the first author's clinical experience was a standpoint from which to explicate how occupational therapy is coordinated to the ruling relations of the Austrian health care system. Findings: Occupational therapy practice and research are ruled within a positivist, body-focused, medical apparatus, which renders largely invisible occupational therapists' knowledge of enabling people to engage in occupations that are meaningful to them. Conclusion: Occupational therapists have professional power that can be asserted by strategically using occupational therapy specific knowledge and language in textually mediated practices, from assessments and case files to media images, to give greater visibility and influence to the profession's work of enabling occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Prodinger
- Research Fellow, IFZ — Institute for Advanced Studies in Social Ethics, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lynn Shaw
- Associate Professor, School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debbie Laliberte Rudman
- Associate Professor, School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Townsend
- Professor Emerita, School of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Education, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Battersby L, Morrow M. Challenges in Implementing Recovery-Based Mental Health Care Practices in Psychiatric Tertiary Care. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7870/cjcmh-2012-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Venturato L, Moyle W, Steel A. Exploring the gap between rhetoric and reality in dementia care in Australia: Could practice documents help bridge the great divide? DEMENTIA 2011; 12:251-67. [DOI: 10.1177/1471301211421837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Quality of care, and indeed, quality of life, for people living with dementia in long-term care is often underpinned by philosophies of care, such as person-centred care and relationship-centred care. The translation of these philosophies into practice is influenced by a range of individual and organizational features, including the context in which such care occurs. Within modern care organizations, the context of care is evidenced through organizational documents. This study sought to identify the key documents guiding dementia care within one large Australian long-term care organization and to explore points of consistency and tension within the documented system of care. Results highlight a lack of consistency and clarity in the philosophy of dementia care and a disconnection between the key documents guiding practice. This disconnection creates tension for clinicians and carers, and may contribute to the gap between rhetoric and reality in dementia care. This study suggests that a congruent documented dementia system can help bridge the gap between espoused philosophies of care and everyday care practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Moyle
- Griffith University, Australia
- RSL Care, Queensland, Australia
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Abstracts. Br J Occup Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/03080226110747s101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Davies R, Cameron J. Self-Identified Occupational Competencies, Limitations and Priorities for Change in the Occupational Lives of People with Drug Misuse Problems. Br J Occup Ther 2010. [DOI: 10.4276/030802210x12759925468907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated self-identified competencies, limitations and priorities for change in the occupational lives of people with drug misuse problems. Thirty people undergoing inpatient drug detoxification completed the Occupational Self Assessment (OSA) version 2.2. Six of these participated in semi-structured interviews focusing on their priorities for change, identified using the OSA. The OSA results found that the participants identified the greatest occupational limitations with the following OSA items: managing finances; making decisions based on what they think is important; getting done what they need to do; having a satisfying routine; and working towards goals. The items considered most important were taking care of others; being involved as a student, worker, volunteer, and/or family member; and working towards goals. The items prioritised for change were the ability to manage finances; work towards goals; take care of the place where they live; and take care of themselves. The interview participants maintained that a focus on drug use had stopped them from achieving goals and making changes in their lives. The findings from both the OSA and the interviews drew particular attention to self-care and financial management needs and suggest a rationale for occupational therapy to give meaning, purpose and structure to clients' abstinence-related goals, aimed at reclaiming their lives.
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Sumsion T, Lencucha R. Therapists' Perceptions of how Teamwork Influences Client-Centred Practice. Br J Occup Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/030802260907200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This qualitative study adds to the client-centred literature by focusing on occupational therapists' experience of working on teams that support clients with a severe and persistent mental illness from a client-centred perspective. The paper reports on the second category of data relating to a previously published paper, which replicated the work of Sumsion (2004). Interviews were conducted with 12 therapists to capture their experience and interpretation of this approach to practice. The multiphased analysis included template analysis and open coding. It resulted in the creation of the category of meaningful goals, which addressed the work done to ensure that the goals towards which everyone was working were meaningful for the client. The facilitators related to these goals included team cohesion, the structure of the system and family collaboration and support. The challenges were differing perspectives and paradigms, competitive frameworks and time. This study identified the unique contribution that families provided to a client-centred approach. Overall, the study makes a significant contribution to the literature and to therapists' understanding of the factors that influence the therapist's ability to facilitate client-centred practice.
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Petersen K, Hounsgaard L, Nielsen CV. User participation and involvement in mental health rehabilitation: A literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2008. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2008.15.7.30453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Petersen
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus and Lecturer at The School of Occupational Therapy, VIA University College, Aarhus
| | - Lise Hounsgaard
- Research Unit of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Claus Vinther Nielsen
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus and Chief Consultant, Department of Clinical Social Medicine, Center of Public Health, Central Region, Denmark
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Winkelman WJ, Halifax NVD. Power is only skin deep: an institutional ethnography of nurse-driven outpatient psoriasis treatment in the era of clinic web sites. J Med Syst 2007; 31:131-9. [PMID: 17489506 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-006-9048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We present an institutional ethnography of hospital-based psoriasis day treatment in the context of evaluating readiness to supplement services and support with a new web site. Through observation, interviews and a critical consideration of documents, forms and other textually-mediated discourses in the day-to-day work of nurses and physicians, we come to understand how the historical gender-determined power structure of nurses and physicians impacts nurses' work. On the one hand, nurses' work can have certain social benefits that would usually be considered untenable in traditional healthcare: nurses as primary decision-makers, nurses as experts in the treatment of disease, physicians as secondary consultants, and patients as co-facilitators in care delivery processes. However, benefits seem to have come at the nurses' expense, as they are required to maintain a cloak of invisibility for themselves and for their workplace, so that the Centre appears like all other outpatient clinics, and the nurses do not enjoy appropriate economic recognition. Implications for this negotiated invisibility on the implementation of new information systems in healthcare are discussed.
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Harrison D. Context of change in community mental health occupational therapy: Part two. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2005. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2005.12.10.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Harrison
- School of Allied Health Professions, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR21 7AG, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This descriptive paper offers reflections on power and justice associated with occupational therapy's client-centred practice, now described as the practice of enabling occupation. Framed as a contribution to the sociology of professions, the questions addressed are: How do power and justice work in occupational therapy today? What vision of power and justice guides the profession in implementing the client-centred practice of enabling occupation? METHOD The paper opens with an overview of the analytic framework for reflections. Two sources for reflections are highlighted: the development of the Canadian guidelines and, client/consumer and occupational therapy perspectives. To illustrate the discussion of power and justice, two contrasting diagrams are presented, one on late 20th century power relations and the other on potential power relations. RESULTS Recommendations for research, education, practice, and guidelines development are offered prior to a conclusion that acknowledges the dissonance facing occupational therapists who struggle to focus on occupations in client-centred practice. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The paper offers insights and strategies for addressing power and justice as issues in implementing the client-centred practice of enabling occupation. The analysis may be used in raising awareness and guiding the strategic development of institutional change toward social inclusion and enabling occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Townsend
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Professions, Dalhousie University, 5869 University Avenue, Room 215, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5.
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