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Song Z, Li W, He Q, Xie X, Wang X, Guo J. Natural products - Dawn of keloid treatment. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105918. [PMID: 38554887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Keloids are prevalent pathological scars, often leading to cosmetic deformities and hindering joint mobility.They cause discomfort, including burning and itching, while gradually expanding and potentially posing a risk of cancer.Developing effective drugs and treatments for keloids has been a persistent challenge in the medical field. Natural products are an important source of innovative drugs and a breakthrough for many knotty disease.Herein, keywords of "natural, plant, compound, extract" were combined with "keloid" and searched in PubMed and Google Scholar, respectively. A total of 32 natural products as well as 9 extracts possessing the potential for treating keloids were ultimately identified.Current research in this field faces a significant challenge due to the lack of suitable animal models, resulting in a predominant reliance on in vitro studies.In vivo and clinical studies are notably scarce as a result.Moreover, there is a notable deficiency in research focusing on the role of nutrients in keloid formation and treatment.The appropriate dosage form (oral, topical, injectable) is crucial for the development of natural product drugs. Finally, the conclusion was hereby made that natural products, when used as adjuncts to other treatments, hold significant potential in the management of keloids.By summarizing the natural products and elucidating their mechanisms in keloid treatment, the present study aims to stimulate further discoveries and research in drug development for effectively addressing this challenging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhou Song
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Wenquan Li
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Qingying He
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Xurui Wang
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Dermatological, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610036, China.
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Pegalajar-García MD, De la Torre-Gomar FJ, Ruiz-Villaverde R. Is the UVA1 phototherapy an effective option in keloids treatment? PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2023; 39:162-165. [PMID: 36596276 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cai Y, Yang W, Pan M, Wang C, Wu W, Zhu S. Wnt2 knock down by RNAi inhibits the proliferation of in vitro-cultured human keloid fibroblasts. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12167. [PMID: 30212944 PMCID: PMC6156062 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of knocking down wingless-related MMTV integration site 2 (Wnt2) expression by RNAi on the growth and signaling pathways of ex vitro-cultured keloid fibroblasts (KFB).Human KFB were isolated from 10 keloid patient specimens. The KFB cells were then transfected with 4 pairs of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting human Wnt2, respectively. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were conducted to verify the knock down of Wnt2, and the expression of β-catenin glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and cyclin D1 were examined.siRNA Wnt2 transfection (siWnt2) resulted in the significant inhibition of Wnt2 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. The expression of β-catenin, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, and cyclin D1 at the protein level also decreased in siWnt2 cells. siWnt2 resulted in a substantially slower growth and significant delay in cell doubling time of the KFB cells compared with control groups. Further, the siRNA knock down of GSK-3β and β-catenin resulted in slower proliferation rates, respectively.Wnt2 siRNA has an inhibitive effect on keloid fibroblast proliferation, which may be a potential therapeutic approach for keloid and other human fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Cai
- Department of Pathology, Quanzhou Medical College
| | - Weiqun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Quanzhou Medical College
| | | | - Chaoyang Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenyi Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shize Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Ranti I, Wahyuningsih MSH, Wirohadidjojo YW. The antifibrotic effect of isolate tagitinin C from tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray on keloid fibroblast cell. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 30:264. [PMID: 30637049 PMCID: PMC6317294 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.30.264.9994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Keloids characterized by fibroblast hyperproliferation and depositions of collagen which similar to cancer cells. Tagitinin C is a class of sesquiterpene lactones (SLS) was isolated from the leaves of the moon flower Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray. The study aim is to evaluate the effects of tagitinin C from Tithonia diversifolia to keloid fibroblasts (KF). Methods Monolayer cultures of keloid fibroblast (three passages) were treated with 8 serial concentration of tagitinin C (0.015 to 2) μg/mL during 72 and 120 hours. A positive control using mitomycin C. Cellular viabilities were measured by MTT assay. Collagen depositions were measured by Sirius Red assay for nonsoluble collagen. Results The reading of the result was conducted by ELISA reader. Data were analyzed by probit regression with SPSS 19 for Windows. The result showed that tagitinin C can inhibit keloid fibroblasts (KF) viability with IC50 0.122 μg/mL (incubation 72h) and 0.039 μg/mL (120h), whereas mitomycin C IC50 0.120 μg/mL (72h) and IC50 of 0.100 μg/mL (120h). At IC50 concentration of tagitinin C on keloid collagen deposition 53.1% (72h) and 44.3% (120h), whereas the IC50 concentration of mitomycin C on keloid collagen deposition 60.4% (72h) and 52.1% (120h). Selectivity index tagitinin C on normal fibroblasts (NF) is 287 for 72h incubation and 791 for 120h incubation. Conclusion It can be concluded that the ability of tagitinin C inhibits KF viability and decreasing keloid collagen deposition is consistent with the concentration (concentration-dependent) and incubation time (time-dependent). Tagitinin C has a low toxicity level on NF with high selectivity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imaniar Ranti
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science,Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Lee HS, Jung SE, Kim SK, Kim YS, Sohn S, Kim YC. Low-Level Light Therapy with 410 nm Light Emitting Diode Suppresses Collagen Synthesis in Human Keloid Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Study. Ann Dermatol 2017; 29:149-155. [PMID: 28392641 PMCID: PMC5383739 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2017.29.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Keloids are characterized by excessive collagen deposition in the dermis, in which transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling plays an important role. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) is reported as effective in preventing keloids in clinical reports, recently. To date, studies investigating the effect of LLLT on keloid fibroblasts are extremely rare. Objective We investigated the effect of LLLT with blue (410 nm), red (630 nm), and infrared (830 nm) light on the collagen synthesis in keloid fibroblasts. Methods Keloid fibroblasts were isolated from keloid-revision surgery samples and irradiated using 410-, 630-, 830-nm light emitting diode twice, with a 24-hour interval at 10 J/cm2. After irradiation, cells were incubated for 24 and 48 hours and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed. Western blot analysis was also performed in 48 hours after last irradiation. The genes and proteins of collagen type I, TGF-β1, Smad3, and Smad7 were analyzed. Results We observed no statistically significant change in the viability of keloid fibroblasts after irradiation. Collagen type I was the only gene whose expression significantly decreased after irradiation at 410 nm when compared to the non-irradiated control. Western blot analysis showed that LLLT at 410 nm lowered the protein levels of collagen type I compared to the control. Conclusion LLLT at 410 nm decreased the expression of collagen type I in keloid fibroblasts and might be effective in preventing keloid formation in their initial stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soo-Eun Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sue Kyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - You-Sun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seonghyang Sohn
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - You Chan Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Hahn HJ, Kim KB, Bae S, Choi BG, An S, Ahn KJ, Kim SY. Pretreatment of Ferulic Acid Protects Human Dermal Fibroblasts against Ultraviolet A Irradiation. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:740-748. [PMID: 27904274 PMCID: PMC5125956 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.6.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 90%~99% of ultraviolet A (UVA) ray reaches the Earth's surface. The deeply penetrating UVA rays induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which results in oxidative stress such as photoproducts, senescence, and cell death. Thus, UVA is considered a primary factor that promotes skin aging. Objective Researchers investigated whether pretreatment with ferulic acid protects human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) against UVA-induced cell damages. Methods HDF proliferation was analyzed using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay. Cell cycle distribution and intracellular ROS levels were assessed by flow cytometric analysis. Senescence was evaluated using a senescence-associated β-galactosidase assay, while Gadd45α promoter activity was analyzed through a luciferase assay. The expression levels of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A and C, matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 3, as well as p21 and p16 were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle arrest were detected in cells that were irradiated with UVA only. Pretreatment with ferulic acid significantly increased the proliferation and cell cycle progression in HDFs. Moreover, ferulic acid pretreatment produced antioxidant effects such as reduced DCF intensity, and affected SOD1 and CAT mRNA expression. These effects were also demonstrated in the analysis of cell senescence, promoter activity, expression of senescent markers, and DNA repair. Conclusion These results demonstrate that ferulic acid exerts protective effects on UVA-induced cell damages via anti-oxidant and stress-inducible cellular mechanisms in HDFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Hahn
- Department of Dermatology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki Bbeum Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Gon Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungkwan An
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Joong Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Lee YJ, Kwon SB, Kim CH, Cho HD, Nam HS, Lee SH, Lee MW, Nam DH, Choi CY, Cho MK. Oxidative Damage and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Protein Expression in Normal Skin and Keloid Tissue. Ann Dermatol 2015; 27:507-16. [PMID: 26512164 PMCID: PMC4622884 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2015.27.5.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the induction of apoptosis under pathological conditions. Recently, a significant increase in ROS production and disrupted apoptosis mechanisms in keloids have been reported. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) represents one of the most important cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and is implicated in the regulation of apoptosis. Recently, it has been reported that Nrf2 upregulates Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein. Objective To compare Nrf2 protein expression in normal skin tissues to keloid tissues. Methods ROS generation in keloid tissues was evaluated with OxyBlot analysis. Western blotting and/or immunohistochemical staining approaches were used to study expression of Nrf2 or Bcl-2 in keloid and normal skin tissues. Cellular fractionation was performed to examine subcellular distribution of Nrf2. Transfection of fibroblasts with Nrf2-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and apoptosis induction. Results Protein oxidation, a marker of oxidative stress, is increased in keloid tissues. Western blot analysis clearly showed that Nrf2 and Bcl-2 are downregulated in keloid tissues. Immunohistochemical staining of Nrf2 confirmed the results of the western blot analysis. Transfection of fibroblasts with the Nrf2-specific siRNA results in increased apoptosis and decreased cell viability. Conclusion Collectively, our data indicate that Nrf2 expression is downregulated in keloid tissues, and that Nrf2 is involved in the development of apoptosis in Nrf2 siRNA-transfected fibroblasts. We propose that a defective antioxidant system and apoptotic dysregulation may participate in keloid pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Lee
- Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sun Bum Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Han Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Deuk Cho
- Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hae Seon Nam
- Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Mi Woo Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Nam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Yong Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Kyun Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Dong X, Zhang C, Ma S, Wen H. Mast cell chymase in keloid induces profibrotic response via transforming growth factor-β1/Smad activation in keloid fibroblasts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:3596-3607. [PMID: 25120737 PMCID: PMC4128972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was to examine whether mast cell chymase exists in human keloids and exerts its profibrotic effect via transforming growth factor-β1/Smad signaling pathway. The number of mast cells and the expression levels of chymase in keloids and normal skin were examined by immunohistochemistry assays. The mRNA expression and activity changes of chymase in keloids and normal skin were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and radioimmunoassay. After keloid fibroblasts were treated with different concentrations of chymase (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 ng/mL) for various time periods, the proliferation of keloid fibroblasts, collagen synthesis, mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β1, and the protein expression of phosphorylated Smad2/3, Smad2/3 and Smad7 were investigated using MTT assay, ELISA and Western blotting. Mast cells and chymase exist in keloid. Gene expression and activity of mast cell chymase in keloid are significantly higher than those in normal skin. Chymase promotes keloid fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis by activating TGF-β1. The activation of Smad protein signaling pathway by chymase is related to the elevated P-Smad protein expression in keloid fibroblasts. Our data demonstrated that mast cell chymase plays an important role in keloid formation through TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Dong
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shaolin Ma
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqi 830011, China
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