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Zhang J, Liu L, Yang L, Wang J, Tan X, Huang D. Diagnosis of Odontogenic Maxillary Sinusitis by Cone-beam Computed Tomography: A Critical Review. J Endod 2023; 49:1445-1456. [PMID: 37659441 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the current applications of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and other imaging modalities in diagnosing odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS). Furthermore, the clinical operation procedures of radiography modalities in OMS diagnosis were summarized, with the goal of assisting clinicians in improving OMS diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice. METHOD A comprehensive review of researches that discussed the applications of radiography modalities in the diagnosis of OMS was conducted. Pertinent information was evaluated and organized for this review. RESULTS Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers a superior, high-resolution, and three-dimensional view of the maxillary tooth-bone-sinus complex compared to conventional radiography modalities. It enables a better understanding and classification of the spatial relationships between root apices/periapical lesions and maxillary sinus. The use of CBCT, combined with the advantages of other radiography modalities and proper image interpretation, is indispensable to enhance OMS diagnostic accuracy and mitigate the risk of missed or misdiagnosis. CONCLUSION The significance of CBCT in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial conditions has garnered widespread recognition. It provides highly precise diagnostic information and classification basis for OMS. The clinical operation procedures for imaging examination are essential in ensuring the consistency and reliability of the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Burian E, Feuerriegel G, Sollmann N, Burian G, Palla B, Griesbauer M, Bumm C, Probst M, Beer M, Folwaczny M. Visualization of clinically silent, odontogenic maxillary sinus mucositis originating from periapical inflammation using MRI: a feasibility study. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-04986-4. [PMID: 37039958 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maxillary sinus mucositis is frequently associated with odontogenic foci. Periapical inflammation of maxillary molars and premolars cannot be visualized directly using radiation-based imaging. The purpose of this study was to answer the following clinical question: among patients with periapical inflammatory processes in the maxilla, does the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as compared to conventional periapical (AP) and panoramic radiography (OPT), improve diagnostic accuracy? METHODS Forty-two subjects with generalized periodontitis were scanned on a 3 T MRI. Sixteen asymptomatic subjects with mucosal swelling of the maxillary sinus were enrolled in the study. Periapical edema was assessed using short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence. Apical osteolysis and mucosal swelling were assessed by MRI, AP, and OPT imaging using the periapical index score (PAI). Comparisons between groups were performed with chi-squared tests with Yates' correction. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Periapical lesions of maxillary premolars and molars were identified in 16 subjects, 21 sinuses, and 58 teeth. Bone edema and PAI scores were significantly higher using MRI as compared to OPT and AP (p < 0.05). Using the STIR sequence, a significant association of PAI score > 1 and the presence of mucosal swelling in the maxillary sinus was detected (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Periapical inflammation and maxillary mucositis could be visualized using STIR imaging. The use of MRI may help detect early, subtle inflammatory changes in the periapical tissues surrounding maxillary dentition. Early detection could guide diagnostic criteria, as well as treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egon Burian
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Georg Feuerriegel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Nico Sollmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gintare Burian
- Department of Prosthodontics, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Palla
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Magdalena Griesbauer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Caspar Bumm
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Probst
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Meinrad Beer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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Chen W, Zhang L, Cai G, Zhang B, Lian Z, Li J, Wang W, Zhang Y, Mo X. Machine learning-based multimodal MRI texture analysis for assessing renal function and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy: a retrospective study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1050078. [PMID: 37139339 PMCID: PMC10150993 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become a major public health burden in China. A more stable method is needed to reflect the different stages of renal function impairment. We aimed to determine the possible practicability of machine learning (ML)-based multimodal MRI texture analysis (mMRI-TA) for assessing renal function in DN. Methods For this retrospective study, 70 patients (between 1 January 2013 and 1 January 2020) were included and randomly assigned to the training cohort (n1 = 49) and the testing cohort (n2 = 21). According to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), patients were assigned into the normal renal function (normal-RF) group, the non-severe renal function impairment (non-sRI) group, and the severe renal function impairment (sRI) group. Based on the largest coronal image of T2WI, the speeded up robust features (SURF) algorithm was used for texture feature extraction. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and relief and recursive feature elimination (RFE) were applied to select the important features and then support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), and random forest (RF) algorithms were used for the model construction. The values of area under the curve (AUC) on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to assess their performance. The robust T2WI model was selected to construct a multimodal MRI model by combining the measured BOLD (blood oxygenation level-dependent) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) values. Results The mMRI-TA model achieved robust and excellent performance in classifying the sRI group, non-sRI group, and normal-RF group, with an AUC of 0.978 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.963, 0.993), 0.852 (95% CI: 0.798, 0.902), and 0.972 (95% CI: 0.995, 1.000), respectively, in the training cohort and 0.961 (95% CI: 0.853, 1.000), 0.809 (95% CI: 0.600, 0.980), and 0.850 (95% CI: 0.638, 0.988), respectively, in the testing cohort. Discussion The model built from multimodal MRI on DN outperformed other models in assessing renal function and fibrosis. Compared to the single T2WI sequence, mMRI-TA can improve the performance in assessing renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiology, Huizhou Central People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanhui Cai
- Department of Radiology, Huizhou Central People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhouyang Lian
- Department of Radiology, Guandong Academy of Medical Sciences/Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences/Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences/Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaokai Mo, ; Yuxian Zhang, ; Wenjian Wang,
| | - Yuxian Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, ZhuJiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaokai Mo, ; Yuxian Zhang, ; Wenjian Wang,
| | - Xiaokai Mo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaokai Mo, ; Yuxian Zhang, ; Wenjian Wang,
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Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of mandibular bone marrow: do apparent diffusion coefficient values of the cervical vertebrae and mandible correlate with age? Oral Radiol 2021; 38:72-79. [PMID: 33877509 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-021-00528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this investigation was to assess the correlation between the mandible and cervical vertebrae bone marrow apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), obtained by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI), with age; to verify the correlation between ADC values from the mandible and the cervical vertebrae; to describe and assess the differences between ADC values obtained from DWI examinations of distinct mandible areas as well as cervical vertebrae. METHODS Thirty imaging examinations with DWI for that included the mandible and C1, C2, C3, and C4 vertebrae in the same examination were included. ADC values were collected from 7 distinct areas in the mandible and the cervical vertebrae. Differences between ADC values and non-parametric correlations were performed. RESULTS A total of 270 regions were assessed. No significant difference was found between ADC values of all areas tested. An inverse correlation was found between C2, C3, and C4 vertebrae ADC values and age. The significant correlation of anatomic area ADC values and age were presented as graphics to verify if the linear trend of ADC values and age are in accordance with the literature CONCLUSIONS: The mandible area that most correlates with the cervical vertebrae, using ADC values, is the posterior trabecular area, below the inferior molars. Also, C2, C3, and C4 vertebrae ADC values inversely correlate with age, which demonstrates the bone qualitative changes in bone composition. ADC values may be useful for the qualitative assessment of bone quality to screen patients at osteoporosis risk.
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Matsuda H, Sato I, Asaumi R, Omotehara T, Kawata S, Nagahori K, Li ZL, Itoh M. Comparison of CGRP distributions in the maxillary sinus and trigeminal ganglion between elderly dentulous and edentulous humans. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 33787056 PMCID: PMC8054570 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thickening of the Schneiderian membrane (SM, mucosa of the maxillary sinus) appears in the paranasal sinus. Information on SM thickening is available for patients receiving sinus lift treatments, which is a risk factor for SM excretory dysfunction. However, more information is needed on the structure of the SM and the relationship between the maxilla sinus and palatine with the alveolar bone and the SM for dental implant treatment in the human maxilla. One hundred twenty-six sides of the maxilla from 71 cadavers were subjected to cone-beam computed tomography analysis and macroscopic and immunohistochemical observations in this study. A thickened SM was mainly observed in the middle region of the basal layer of the maxillary sinus (MS). Strong calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive reactions were observed in the alveolar bone, oral mucosa, mucosa of the MS, and trigeminal ganglion (TG) cells in dentulous samples compared with edentulous samples. TG cells play important roles in delivering CGRP through axons to the mucosal gland and in regulating the maxilla-related thickening of the SM. These data could help determine CGRP functions in the mucosal gland and bone formation between dentulous and edentulous samples and indicate that CGRP may pass from the TG to the MS glands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iwao Sato
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical Univsersity.
| | - Rieko Asaumi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo.
| | | | | | | | - Zhong-Lian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo.
| | - Masahiro Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo.
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Lozano González Ó, Salas Orozco MF. Imaging technologies for the detection of sinus pathologies of odontogenic origin. A review. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ODONTOLÓGICA 2021; 9:e049. [PMID: 38464402 PMCID: PMC10919835 DOI: 10.21142/2523-2754-0901-2021-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sinus pathologies of odontogenic origin (SPO) are common in the clinical consultation; however, the dentist has some complications to detect them because their discovery is usually incidental and through imaging studies that, in most cases, are of low quality. The objective of this review is to describe the pertinent imaging resources that allow the detection of the most frequent SPO and, at the same time, carry out an updated review of the scientific literature in order to recognize the imaging of both the maxillary sinus and the dental organs. The scientific literature focused on this topic, published between 2014 and 2020, was consulted. The review showed two important results: the first is that Cone Beam Tomography (CBCT) represents the imaging modality with the best performance for the detection of SPO by what can be considered the gold standard for this purpose. The second is that the most frequent SPO is sinus mucositis, which is related to odontogenic conditions such as periapical lesions and periodontal affectations. Although Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is the most appropriate tool to detect SPO compared to images obtained by 2D devices, there are also other alternatives such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography, which seem to have a promising future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Lozano González
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. Universidad Científica del Sur Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Marco Felipe Salas Orozco
- Division of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. San Luis Potosí, México. Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí Division of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico
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Orman G, Kralik SF, Desai N, Meoded A, Vallejo JG, Huisman TAGM, Tran BH. Imaging of Paranasal Sinus Infections in Children: A Review. J Neuroimaging 2020; 30:572-586. [PMID: 32472739 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paranasal sinuses (PNS) infections are common in children. They may cause common and well-known complications, but also, unusual and potentially devastating complications. Diagnosing PNS infections and complications in children requires knowledge of the unique anatomy of the nasal cavity and the PNS. In fetal life, nasal mucosa evaginations into the lateral nasal walls initiate the development of the PNS. The PNS continue to develop after birth and complete their maturation and pneumatization at different ages during childhood which makes the pattern of PNS infections determined by patient age. Complications are caused by direct spread of the infection to the orbit, face, intracranial or osseous structures or hematogenous spread of the infection to the intracranial structures. Emergent imaging studies are often necessary in the evaluation of the complications in pediatric patients when the symptoms persist for 10 days and/or if there is evidence of intracranial or orbital complications. In addition, immunocompromised children are especially vulnerable to developing unusual complications. Computed tomography (CT) is excellent for determining whether there is intraorbital extension of PNS disease. However, when the infection approaches the orbital apex, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study with contrast is necessary to assess spread into the cavernous sinus and the intracranial compartment. The goal of this manuscript is to review and characterize imaging findings of PNS infections using CT and MRI allowing determination of the extent of PNS infections and their common and unusual complications in children. In addition, a summary of the development of the normal PNS is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Orman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen F Kralik
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Nilesh Desai
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Avner Meoded
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Jesus G Vallejo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Brandon H Tran
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
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Munhoz L, Nishimura DA, Hisatomi M, Yanagi Y, Asaumi J, Arita ES. Application of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of odontogenic lesions: a systematic review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2019; 130:85-100.e1. [PMID: 32007494 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic literature review addresses the use of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for the evaluation of benign maxillomandibular odontogenic lesions. STUDY DESIGN Databases were searched, and original research studies or case report manuscripts up to April 2019 were included, using the keyword "diffusion," combined with the keywords "maxillofacial pathology," "oral pathology," "odontogenic tumors," "dental tissue neoplasms," "odontogenic cysts," and the histologic denomination of benign odontogenic lesions, according to the World Health Organization classification. Only English language articles and studies pertaining to DWI were selected. RESULTS Fifteen investigations (11 original articles and 4 case reports) of distinct benign odontogenic lesions were included. Most studies did not include exclusively odontogenic lesions in their samples. CONCLUSIONS It is too early to reach a conclusion that DWI and ADC can provide useful information in the differentiation of the histologic type of some benign odontogenic lesions on the basis of available data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Munhoz
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Miki Hisatomi
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology and Oral Diagnosis, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Yanagi
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology and Oral Diagnosis, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junich Asaumi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Emiko Saito Arita
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Munhoz L, Abdala Júnior R, Arita ES. The value of the apparent diffusion coefficient calculated from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans in the differentiation of maxillary sinus inflammatory diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 127:433-443. [PMID: 30600171 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the value of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) calculated by using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the differentiation of inflammatory lesions of the maxillary sinus. STUDY DESIGN Sixty-five maxillary sinus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with findings suggestive of inflammatory lesions were qualitatively categorized into 4 distinct groups by using T2-weighted images: group 1: presence of mucosal thickening; group 2: presence of sinonasal polyps or mucous retention cysts; group 3: presence of fluid identified by air-fluid levels with a homogeneous signal intensity; and group 4: presence of fluid identified by air-fluid levels with a heterogeneous signal intensity. The ADC of each imaging finding was measured by using a 5-mm area of interest. Statistical differences between the groups were determined by using nonparametric tests with a 5% significance level. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed between group 1 and the other groups. Mucosal thickening was associated with lower ADC values compared with the other inflammatory lesions. CONCLUSIONS The ADC can be useful in differentiating mucosal thickening from other inflammatory alterations in the maxillary sinuses. Mucosal thickening had more restricted water diffusion compared with the other inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Munhoz
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Reinaldo Abdala Júnior
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Emiko Saito Arita
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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