1
|
Xin Z, Qin L, Tang Y, Guo S, Li F, Fang Y, Li G, Yao Y, Zheng B, Zhang B, Wu D, Xiao J, Ni C, Wei Q, Zhang T. Immune mediated support of metastasis: Implication for bone invasion. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024. [PMID: 39003618 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is a common organ affected by metastasis in various advanced cancers, including lung, breast, prostate, colorectal, and melanoma. Once a patient is diagnosed with bone metastasis, the patient's quality of life and overall survival are significantly reduced owing to a wide range of morbidities and the increasing difficulty of treatment. Many studies have shown that bone metastasis is closely related to bone microenvironment, especially bone immune microenvironment. However, the effects of various immune cells in the bone microenvironment on bone metastasis remain unclear. Here, we described the changes in various immune cells during bone metastasis and discussed their related mechanisms. Osteoblasts, adipocytes, and other non-immune cells closely related to bone metastasis were also included. This review also summarized the existing treatment methods and potential therapeutic targets, and provided insights for future studies of cancer bone metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengfeng Xin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Luying Qin
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yang Tang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Guo
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Gege Li
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Yao
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Bicheng Zhang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dang Wu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital (Jiande Branch), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ni
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the abnormal proliferation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow leading to end-organ manifestations. Despite the advancement in the therapy and care of patients with MM, relapse and resistance to standard therapy remain significant. The development of immunotherapy as a treatment modality for many types of cancers has led investigators to explore its use in MM in order to elicit myeloma-targeted immune responses, especially given that immune dysregulation is an underlying feature in the pathogenesis and progression of MM. In this concise review, we discuss the different advances in the immune-based therapy of MM, from immunomodulation, vaccines, to monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell therapies, and future promising therapies under investigation.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jung SH, Lee HJ, Lee YK, Yang DH, Kim HJ, Rhee JH, Emmrich F, Lee JJ. A phase I clinical study of autologous dendritic cell therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41538-41548. [PMID: 28088784 PMCID: PMC5522196 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy is emerging as a potential immunotherapeutic modality in multiple myeloma (MM). We have developed potent immunotherapeutic agent (VAX-DC/MM) generated by dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with autologous myeloma cells irradiated with ultraviolet B. In this study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of VAX-DC/MM in patients with relapsed or refractory MM. This trial enrolled relapsed or refractory MM patients who had received both thalidomide- and bortezomib-based therapies. Patients received the intradermal VAX-DC/MM injection every week for 4 weeks. Patients were treated with 5 × 106 or 10 × 106 cells, with nine patients treated at a higher dose. The median time from diagnosis to VAX-DC/MM therapy was 56.6 months (range, 28.5–130.5). Patients had received a median of five prior treatments, and 75% had received autologous stem cell transplantation. VAX-DC therapy was well-tolerated, and the most frequent adverse events were local reactions at the injection site and infusion-related reactions. In seven of nine patients who received 10×106 cells, an immunological response (77.8%) was observed by interferon-gamma ELISPOT assay or a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay for T-cell proliferation. The clinical benefit rate was 66.7% including one (11.1%) with minor response and five (55.6%) with stable disease; three (33.3%) patients showed disease progression. In conclusion, VAX-DC/MM therapy was well-tolerated, and had disease-stabilizing activity in heavily pretreated MM cases. Further studies are needed to increase the efficacy of VAX-DC/MM in patients with MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Jung
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Kyung Lee
- Research Institute, Vaxcell-Bio Therapeutics, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Yang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Research Institute, Vaxcell-Bio Therapeutics, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Emmrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute, Vaxcell-Bio Therapeutics, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Immunotherapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 111:87-93. [PMID: 28259300 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has recently emerged as a promising treatment for multiple myeloma (MM). There are now several monoclonal antibodies that target specific surface antigens on myeloma cells or the checkpoints of immune and myeloma cells. Elotuzumab (targeting SLAMF7), daratumumab (targeting CD38), and pembrolizumab (targeting PD-1) have shown clinical activity in clinical studies with relapsed/refractory MM. Dendritic cell vaccination is a safe strategy that has shown some efficacy in a subset of myeloma patients and may become a crucial part of MM treatment when combined with immunomodulatory drugs or immune check-point blockade. Genetically engineered T cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells or T cell receptor-engineered T cells, have also shown encouraging results in recent clinical studies of patients with MM. In this paper, we discuss recent progress in immunotherapy for the treatment of MM.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee HJ, Kim SK, Cho D, Lee JJ. Cellular immunotherapy as a beacon of hope for hematological malignancies. Blood Res 2015; 50:126-8. [PMID: 26457276 PMCID: PMC4595575 DOI: 10.5045/br.2015.50.3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Sang-Ki Kim
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Companion & Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hoang MD, Jung SH, Lee HJ, Lee YK, Nguyen-Pham TN, Choi NR, Vo MC, Lee SS, Ahn JS, Yang DH, Kim YK, Kim HJ, Lee JJ. Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy against Multiple Myeloma: From Bench to Clinic. Chonnam Med J 2015; 51:1-7. [PMID: 25914874 PMCID: PMC4406989 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2015.51.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the introduction of stem cell transplantation and novel agents has improved survival, multiple myeloma (MM) is still difficult to cure. Alternative approaches are clearly needed to prolong the survival of patients with MM. Dendritic cell (DC) therapy is a very promising tool immunologically in MM. We developed a method to generate potent DCs with increased Th1 polarization and migration ability for inducing strong myeloma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In this review, we discuss how the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy using DCs can be improved in MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- My-Dung Hoang
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Jung
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | | | - Thanh-Nhan Nguyen-Pham
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Nu-Ri Choi
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Manh-Cuong Vo
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Seung-Shin Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ahn
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Yang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Yeo-Kyeoung Kim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. ; Vaxcell-Bio Therapeutics, Hwasun, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Concurrent dendritic cell vaccine and strontium-89 radiation therapy in the management of multiple bone metastases. Ir J Med Sci 2014; 184:457-61. [PMID: 24876093 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-014-1145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to its direct cytotoxic effects, radiation therapy renders tumor cells more susceptible to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity by modulating cell surface molecules involved in antigen presentation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the benefit of combined 89Sr radiation and dendritic cell (DC) vaccine therapy in bone metastasis patients. METHODS Patients were treated with intravenous 89Sr at a dose of 40 μCi/kg of body weight on the first day after the peripheral blood mononuclear cell collection. Seven days later, patients received DCs once a week for 6 weeks. The first three vaccines were administered by intravenous infusion, and the last three vaccines were administered by 24-point intradermal injection. Clinical response was evaluated by the number of bone metastatic foci demonstrated on bone scintigraphy; cell-mediated cytotoxicity response was evaluated by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. All treatment-related toxicities including vaccine-induced fever and 89Sr-associated hematological toxicity were carefully monitored. RESULTS Twenty-six patients with histologically diagnosed with primary cancers and multiple bone metastases demonstrated on bone scintigraphy were studied. The overall survival rate was 58.3%. The total positive DTH rate was 50%. The efficiency rate for pain relief was 60% (6/10), for quantity of life was 80%, and for clinic responses was 90%. Out of 10 cases, the Grade 1 or 2 of hematological depression in 4, erythema in 1, and fever in 7 were observed. CONCLUSIONS The study has important implications for that combined 89Sr radiation, and DC vaccine therapy can benefit cancer patients with bone metastasis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee HJ, Choi NR, Vo MC, Hoang MD, Lee YK, Lee JJ. Generation of multiple peptide cocktail-pulsed dendritic cells as a cancer vaccine. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1139:17-26. [PMID: 24619666 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0345-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy based on dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has promising alternatives for the treatment of cancer. A central tenet of DC-based cancer immunotherapy is the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and DC play pivotal roles in this process. DCs are well known to be the most potent antigen-presenting cells and have the most powerful antigen-presenting capacity. DCs pulsed with various TAA have been shown to be effective in producing specific antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. Several types of tumor antigens have been applied in cancer treatment including tumor RNA, lysates, apoptotic bodies, heat shock protein, peptides from TAA, and allogeneic tumor cells. Among them, the use of immunogenic HLA-A*0201-specific epitopes from multiple TAA enhances induction of antigen-specific CTL and associated therapeutic efficacy in HLA-A*0201(+) cancer patients. The current chapter provides a detailed protocol of generating multiple peptide cocktail-pulsed DC to elicit CTL with a broad spectrum of immune responses against the related tumor antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hwang EC, Lim MS, Im CM, Kwon DD, Lee HJ, Nguyen-Pham TN, Lee YK, Lee JJ. Generation of potent cytotoxic T lymphocytes against castration-resistant prostate cancer cells by dendritic cells loaded with dying allogeneic prostate cancer cells. Scand J Immunol 2013; 77:117-24. [PMID: 23126536 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To induce a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy against prostate cancer, various tumour antigens should be loaded onto DCs. The aim of this study was to establish a method of immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) using prostate cancer-specific CTLs generated in vitro by DCs. Monocyte-derived DCs from patients with CRPC were induced to mature using a standard cytokine cocktail (in IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and PGE(2) : standard DCs, sDCs) or using an α-type 1-polarized DC (αDC1) cocktail (in IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid) and loaded with the UVB-irradiated CRPC cell line PC-3. Antigen-loaded DCs were evaluated by morphological and functional assays. The αDC1s significantly increased the expression of several molecules related to DC maturation, regardless of whether the αDC1s were loaded with tumour antigens or not, compared to sDCs. The αDC1s showed a higher production of interleukin-12 both during maturation and after subsequent stimulation with CD40L, which was not significantly affected by loading with tumour antigens, as compared to standard DCs (sDCs). Prostate cancer-specific CTLs against autologous CRPC cells were successfully induced by αDC1s loaded with dying PC-3 cells. Autologous αDC1s loaded with an allogeneic CRPC cell line can generate greater CRPC-specific CTL responses as compared to sDCs and may provide a novel source of DC-based vaccines that can be used for the development of immunotherapy in patients with CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Hwang
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|