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He K, Liu X, Hoffman RD, Shi RZ, Lv GY, Gao JL. G-CSF/GM-CSF-induced hematopoietic dysregulation in the progression of solid tumors. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1268-1285. [PMID: 35612789 PMCID: PMC9249339 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two types of abnormal hematopoiesis in solid tumor occurrence and treatment: pathological hematopoiesis, and myelosuppression induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this review, we primarily focus on the abnormal pathological hematopoietic differentiation in cancer induced by tumor-released granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). As key factors in hematopoietic development, G-CSF/GM-CSF are well-known facilitators of myelopoiesis and mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In addition, these two cytokines can also promote or inhibit tumors, dependent on tumor type. In multiple cancer types, hematopoiesis is greatly enhanced and abnormal lineage differentiation is induced by these two cytokines. Here, dysregulated hematopoiesis induced by G-CSF/GM-CSF in solid tumors and its mechanism are summarized, and the prognostic value of G-CSF/GM-CSF-associated dysregulated hematopoiesis for tumor metastasis is also briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Robert D Hoffman
- Yo San University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90066, USA
| | - Rong-Zhen Shi
- Tangqi Branch of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311106, China
| | - Gui-Yuan Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Jian-Li Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
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Gambichler T, Stockfleth E, Susok L. Paraneoplastic hyperleucocytosis in a melanoma patient after initiation of ipilimumab and nivolumab combination therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:113. [PMID: 30376886 PMCID: PMC6208032 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraneoplastic hyperleucocytosis (PH) is sporadically seen in patients with advanced solid tumors. Case presentation We report a female patient with disseminated melanoma metastases. Two days after the first dosage of combined immunotherapy using the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) blocker ipilimumab and the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) blocker nivolumab the patient developed asymptomatic hyperleucocytosis (over 120.000 leucocytes per μl) associated with elevated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor blood levels. Hematological and infectious disorders could be ruled out. Although paraneoplastic hyperleucocytosis spontaneously resolved she died from progressive disease about 60 days after start of treatment. Conclusions PH is extremely rare in malignant melanoma, however, most patients who developed this complication had preceding immunotherapies such as interleukin-2. The latter observation and the fact that our patient developed PH rapidly after initiation of ipilimumab and nivolumab immunotherapy indicate an immune-mediated mechanism which may trigger PH under unknown circumstances. The development of paraneoplastic hyperleucocytosis indicates a very poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Gambichler
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
| | - E Stockfleth
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - L Susok
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
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Yeo B, Redfern AD, Mouchemore KA, Hamilton JA, Anderson RL. The dark side of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor: a supportive therapy with potential to promote tumour progression. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:255-267. [PMID: 29968171 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is one of several cytokines that can expand and mobilize haematopoietic precursor cells from bone marrow. In particular, G-CSF mobilizes neutrophils when the host is challenged by infection or tissue damage. Severe neutropenia, or febrile neutropenia is a life-threatening event that can be mitigated by administration of G-CSF. Consequently, G-CSF has been used to support patients undergoing chemotherapy who would otherwise require dose reduction due to neutropenia. Over the past 10-15 years it has become increasingly apparent, in preclinical tumour growth and metastasis models, that G-CSF can support tumour progression by mobilization of tumour-associated neutrophils which consequently promote tumour dissemination and metastasis. With the increasing use of G-CSF in the clinic, it is pertinent to ask if there is any evidence of a similar promotion of tumour progression in patients. Here, we have reviewed the preclinical and clinical data on the potential contribution of G-CSF to tumour progression. We conclude that, whilst the evidence for a promotion of metastasis is strong in preclinical models and that limited data indicate that high serum G-CSF levels in patients are associated with poorer prognosis, no studies published so far have revealed evidence of increased tumour progression associated with supportive G-CSF use during chemotherapy in patients. Analysis of G-CSF receptor positive cohorts within supportive trials, as well as studies of the role of G-CSF blockade in appropriate tumours in the absence of chemotherapy could yield clinically translatable findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Yeo
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | | | - Kellie A Mouchemore
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John A Hamilton
- Arthritis and Inflammation Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
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Fan Z, Li Y, Zhao Q, Fan L, Tan B, Zuo J, Hua K, Ji Q. Highly Expressed Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor (G-CSFR) in Human Gastric Cancer Leads to Poor Survival. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1701-1711. [PMID: 29567938 PMCID: PMC5880331 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer (GC) patients has been the mainstay of therapy for many years. Although adding anti-angiogenic drugs to chemotherapy improves patient survival slightly, identifying anti-angiogenic therapy-sensitive patients remains challenging for oncologists. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis, which can be minimized with the anti-G-CSF antibody. Thus, G-CSF might be a potential tumor marker. However, the effects of G-CSF and G-CSFR expression on GC patient survival remain unclear. Material/Methods Seventy GC tissue samples were collected for G-CSF and G-CSFR detection by immunohistochemistry. A total of 40 paired GC tissues and matched adjacent mucosa were used to measure the G-CSF and G-CSFR levels by ELISA. Correlations between G-CSF/G-CSFR and clinical characteristics, VEGF-A levels and overall survival were analyzed. Biological function and underlying mechanistic investigations were carried out using SGC7901 cell lines, and the effects of G-CSF on tumor proliferation, migration, and tube formation were examined. Results The levels of G-CSFR were upregulated in GC tissues compared to normal mucosa tissues. Higher G-CSF expression was associated with later tumor stages and higher tumor VEGF-A and serum CA724 levels, whereas higher G-CSFR expression was associated with lymph node metastasis. Patients with higher G-CSF expression had shorter overall survival times. In vitro, G-CSF stimulated SGC7901 proliferation and migration through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and accelerated HUVEC tube formation. Conclusions These data suggest that increased G-CSF and G-CSFR in tumors leads to unfavorable outcomes for GC patients by stimulating tumor proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, indicating that these factors are potential tumor targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisong Fan
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Li
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Qun Zhao
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Liqiao Fan
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Bibo Tan
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Zuo
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Kelei Hua
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Ji
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Zhao CL, Zhang GP, Xiao ZZ, Ma ZK, Lei CP, Song SY, Feng YY, Zhao YC, Feng XS. Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Promotes Preinvasive and Invasive Estrogen Receptor-Positive Tumor Development in MMTV-erbB2 Mice. J Breast Cancer 2015; 18:126-33. [PMID: 26155288 PMCID: PMC4490261 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2015.18.2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) could promote the development of preinvasive and invasive breast cancer in mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV-erbB2) mice with estrogen receptor-positive tumors. METHODS MMTV-erbB2 mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups with 20 mice in each group. MMTV-erbB2 mice were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of vehicle or rhG-CSF (low-rhG-CSF group, rhG-CSF 0.125 µg; vehicle-rhG-CSF group, normal saline 0.25 µg; and high-rhG-CSF group, rhG-CSF 0.25 µg) at 3 months of age. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of G-CSF action in mammary glands were investigated via immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Low, but not high, rhG-CSF doses significantly accelerated mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-erbB2 mice. Short-term treatment with rhG-CSF could significantly promote the development of preinvasive mammary lesions. The cancer prevention effect was associated with reduced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cluster of differentiation 34, and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 in mammary glands by >80%. CONCLUSION We found that G-CSF was regulated by rhG-CSF both in vitro and in vivo. Identification of G-CSF genes helped us further understand the mechanism by which G-CSF promotes cancer. Low doses of rhG-CSF could significantly increase tumor latency and increase tumor multiplicity and burden. Moreover, rhG-CSF effectively promotes development of both malignant and premalignant mammary lesions in MMTV-erbB2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ling Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Guang Ping Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zheng Zheng Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhi Kun Ma
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Cai Peng Lei
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shi Yuan Song
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ying Ying Feng
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ya Chao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiao Shan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Aliper AM, Frieden-Korovkina VP, Buzdin A, Roumiantsev SA, Zhavoronkov A. A role for G-CSF and GM-CSF in nonmyeloid cancers. Cancer Med 2014; 3:737-46. [PMID: 24692240 PMCID: PMC4303143 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) modulate progression of certain solid tumors. The G-CSF- or GM-CSF-secreting cancers, albeit not very common are, however, among the most rapidly advancing ones due to a cytokine-mediated immune suppression and angiogenesis. Similarly, de novo angiogenesis and vasculogenesis may complicate adjuvant use of recombinant G-CSF or GM-CSF thus possibly contributing to a cancer relapse. Rapid diagnostic tools to differentiate G-CSF- or GM-CSF-secreting cancers are not well developed therefore hindering efforts to individualize treatments for these patients. Given an increasing utilization of adjuvant G-/GM-CSF in cancer therapy, we aimed to summarize recent studies exploring their roles in pathophysiology of solid tumors and to provide insights into some complexities of their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Aliper
- Federal Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Samory Mashela 1, Moscow, 117198, Russia
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