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Yip JLK, Balasuriya GK, Spencer SJ, Hill-Yardin EL. Examining enteric nervous system function in rat and mouse: an interspecies comparison of colonic motility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G477-G487. [PMID: 36126271 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00175.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is crucial to gut health and has been associated with different disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases and postoperative ileus. Despite rat and mouse being the two animal models most widely used in gastrointestinal research, minimal studies in rats have investigated gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, our study provides a comparison of colonic motility in the mouse and rat to clarify species differences and assess the relative effectiveness of each animal model for colonic motility research. We describe the protocol modifications and optimization undertaken to enable video imaging of colonic motility in the rat. Apart from the broad difference in terms of gastrointestinal diameter and length, we identified differences in the fundamental histology of the proximal colon such that the rat had larger villus height-to-width and villus height-to-crypt depth ratios compared with mouse. Since gut motility is tightly regulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), we investigated how colonic contractile activity within each rodent species responds to modulation of the ENS inhibitory neuronal network. Here we used Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to assess proximal colon responses to the stimulatory effect of blocking the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO). In rats, the frequency of proximal colonic contractions increased in the presence of l-NNA (vs. control levels) to a greater extent than in mice. This is despite a similar number of NOS-expressing neurons in the myenteric plexus across species. Given this increase in colonic contraction frequency, the rat represents another relevant animal model for investigating how gastrointestinal motility is regulated by the inhibitory neuronal network of the ENS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mice and rats are widely used in gastrointestinal research but have fundamental differences that make them important as different models for different questions. We found that mice have a higher villi length-to-width and villi length-to-crypt depth ratio than rat in proximal colon. Using the ex vivo video imaging technique, we observed that rat colon has more prominent response to blockade of major inhibitory neurotransmitter (nitric oxide) in myenteric plexus than mouse colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L K Yip
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gayathri K Balasuriya
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Onaga T, Yasui Y, Hayashi H. Neurotensin and xenin stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion through the peripheral cholinergic nerves in conscious sheep. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 326:114073. [PMID: 35697316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to clarify the effects of neurotensin and xenin on pancreatic exocrine secretion in conscious sheep and their mechanism of actions. The animals were equipped with two silastic cannulae in the common bile duct to separately collect pancreatic fluid and bile, and a silastic cannula in the proximal duodenum to continuously return the mixed fluids. NT and xenin were intravenously injected at range of 0.01-3.0 nmol/kg during the phase I of duodenal migrating motor complex. A single intravenous NT injection significantly and dose-dependently increased pancreatic fluid, protein, and bicarbonate outputs. The effect of NT at 1 nmol/kg was completely inhibited by a background intravenous infusion of atropine methyl nitrate at a dose of 10 nmol/kg/min, however, the effect was not altered by a prior injection of the neurotensin receptor subtype (NTR)-1 antagonist SR 48692 at 60 nmol/kg. Moreover, a single intravenous xenin-25 injection significantly and dose-dependently increased pancreatic fluid and protein output, whereas the effect of xenin-25 did not clearly show dose-dependence. The prior SR 48692 injection at 30 nmol/kg did not significantly alter the effects of xenin-25 at 0.3 nmol/kg, while the atropine infusion significantly inhibited the increase in fluid secretion. Under the atropine infusion, xenin-25 at 0.3 nmol/kg did not increase protein and bicarbonate outputs, whereas the inhibitory effect of the atropine was not significant compared to that of the single injection of xenin-25. A single intravenous injection of NTR-2 agonist levocabastine at 0.1-3 nmol/kg did not alter pancreatic exocrine secretion. These results suggest that both NT and xenin-25 effectively stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion through the peripheral cholinergic system in sheep and that NTR-2 is not involved in the regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion, however, we did not precisely determine the role of NTR-1 in the actions of both the peptides on pancreatic exocrine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Onaga
- Veterinary Physiology, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Address: 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Yasui
- Veterinary Physiology, Division of Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Address: 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hayashi
- Animal Life Science, Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Address: 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Tan W, Lee G, Chen JH, Huizinga JD. Relationships Between Distention-, Butyrate- and Pellet-Induced Stimulation of Peristalsis in the Mouse Colon. Front Physiol 2020; 11:109. [PMID: 32132933 PMCID: PMC7040375 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Luminal factors such as short-chain fatty acids are increasingly recognized for playing a regulatory role in peristaltic activity. Our objective was to understand the roles of butyrate and propionate in regulating peristaltic activity in relation to distention-induced activities. Methods Butyrate and propionate were perfused intraluminally under varying intraluminal pressures in murine colons bathed in Krebs solution. We used video recording and spatiotemporal maps to examine peristalsis induced by the intrinsic rhythmic colonic motor complex (CMC) as well as pellet-induced peristaltic reflex movements. Results The CMC showed several configurations at different levels of excitation, culminating in long distance contractions (LDCs) which possess a triangular shape in murine colon spatiotemporal maps. Butyrate increased the frequency of CMCs but was a much weaker stimulus than distention and only contributed to significant changes under low distention. Propionate inhibited CMCs by decreasing either their amplitudes or frequencies, but only in low distention conditions. Butyrate did not consistently counteract propionate-induced inhibition likely due to the multiple and distinct mechanisms of action for these signaling molecules in the lumen. Pellet movement occurred through ongoing CMCs as well as pellet induced peristaltic reflex movements and butyrate augmented both types of peristaltic motor patterns to decrease the amount of time required to expel each pellet. Conclusions Butyrate is effective in promoting peristalsis, but only when the level of colonic activity is low such as under conditions of low intraluminal pressure. This suggests that it may play a significant role in patients with poor fiber intake, where there is low mechanical stimulation in the lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Shokrollahi M, Chen JH, Huizinga JD. Intraluminal prucalopride increases propulsive motor activities via luminal 5-HT 4 receptors in the rabbit colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13598. [PMID: 31012538 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating luminal 5-HT4 receptors results in the release of 5-HT from enterochromaffin cells into the lamina propria to modulate colonic motility. Our aim was to evaluate characteristics of colonic motor patterns involved in the prokinetic effects of intraluminal prucalopride in the rabbit colon. METHODS Colonic motor patterns were studied ex vivo using simultaneous spatiotemporal diameter mapping and pressure sensing. KEY RESULTS Intraluminal prucalopride and intraluminal exogenous 5-HT strongly evoked or enhanced the colonic motor complex at all levels of excitation beginning with generation of clusters of fast propagating contractions (FPCs), then development of long-distance contractions (LDCs) within the clusters, and finally forceful LDCs as the highest level of excitation. Intraluminal prucalopride and intraluminal exogenous 5-HT stimulated propulsive motor activity in a dose-dependent and antagonist-sensitive manner by increasing the contraction amplitude, intraluminal pressure, frequency, velocity, and degree of propagation of the colonic motor complex. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Activating mucosal 5-HT4 receptors via intraluminal prucalopride or 5-HT increases propulsive motor activity in a graded manner; that is, depending on starting conditions, amplitudes or frequencies of an activity may increase or a new pattern may be initiated. Our data support further studies into delivering 5-HT4 receptor agonists via colon-targeted drug delivery systems and studies into the role of luminal 5-HT as an essential requirement for normal colon motor pattern generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Shokrollahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Vincent AD, Wang XY, Parsons SP, Khan WI, Huizinga JD. Abnormal absorptive colonic motor activity in germ-free mice is rectified by butyrate, an effect possibly mediated by mucosal serotonin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G896-G907. [PMID: 30095295 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00237.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the control of colonic motility is controversial. Germ-free (GF) mice are unable to produce these metabolites and serve as a model to study how their absence affects colonic motility. GF transit is slower than controls, and colonization of these mice improves transit and serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] levels. Our aim was to determine the role SCFAs play in improving transit and whether this is dependent on mucosal 5-HT signaling. Motility was assessed in GF mice via spatiotemporal mapping. First, motor patterns in the whole colon were measured ex vivo with or without luminal SCFA, and outflow from the colon was recorded to quantify outflow caused by individual propulsive contractions. Second, artificial fecal pellet propulsion was measured. Motility was then assessed in tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) knockout (KO) mice, devoid of mucosal 5-HT, with phosphate buffer, butyrate, or propionate intraluminal perfusion. GF mice exhibited a lower proportion of propulsive contractions, lower volume of outflow/contraction, slower velocity of contractions, and slower propulsion of fecal pellets compared with controls. SCFAs changed motility patterns to that of controls in all parameters. Butyrate administration increased the proportion of propulsive contractions in controls yet failed to in TPH1 KO mice. Propionate inhibited propulsive contractions in all mice. Our results reveal significant abnormalities in the propulsive nature of colonic motor patterns in GF mice, explaining the decreased transit time in in vivo studies. We show that butyrate but not propionate activates propulsive motility and that this may require mucosal 5-HT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Understanding the role that the microbiota play in governing the physiology of colonic motility is lacking. Here, we offer for the first time, to our knowledge, a detailed analysis of colonic motor patterns and pellet propulsion using spatiotemporal mapping in the absence of microbiota. We show a striking difference in germ-free and control phenotypes and attribute this to a lack of fermentation-produced short-chain fatty acid. We then show that butyrate but not propionate can restore motility and that the butyrate effect likely requires mucosal 5-hydroxytryptamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Vincent
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Xuan-Yu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Sean P Parsons
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
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Riezzo G, Chimienti G, Clemente C, D'Attoma B, Orlando A, Mammone Rinaldi C, Russo F. Colonic Transit Time and Gut Peptides in Adult Patients with Slow and Normal Colonic Transit Constipation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3178263. [PMID: 29082242 PMCID: PMC5610809 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3178263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether pathophysiological differences exist among healthy controls (HC) and patients with slow and normal transit constipation (STC and NTC), we evaluated (1) gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms using validated questionnaires; (2) circulating concentrations of neurotensin, motilin, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), and somatostatin; and (3) possible differences in frequency distribution of the neurotensin rs1800832 A/G and Neurotensin Receptor 1 rs6090453 C/G SNPs. METHODS Fifty-one patients with severe functional constipation and 20 HC completed the study. Symptoms were evaluated by GSRS and Constipaq scoring system. Plasma concentrations of GI peptides were evaluated by ELISA on fasting and six sequential blood samples after a standard meal. Genotyping was performed by PCR and endonuclease digestion. RESULTS Symptom profiles largely overlapped between NTC and STC patients. As for peptide profiles, neurotensin showed lower concentrations at 60 and 90 min in STC versus HC, and motilin showed throughout the curve 85% and 82% lower levels in STC than HC and NTC, respectively. Finally, neurotensin polymorphism resulted in being associated with the peptide levels. CONCLUSIONS Symptom profile is not a reliable tool to discriminate STC, whilst the GI peptide profiles might help in identifying it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Riezzo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases, IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Guglielmina Chimienti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Clemente
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases, IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Benedetta D'Attoma
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases, IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Orlando
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases, IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammone Rinaldi
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, National Institute of Digestive Diseases, IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Russo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases, IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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