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Dixit VA, Kulkarni A. Applications of Bond Energy‐Based Thermodynamic Analysis to the Feasibility of Unfunctionalized C−C Cross‐Coupling Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A. Dixit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati NIPER Guwahati) Department of Pharmaceuticals Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Sila Katamur (Halu-gurisuk) Changsari Kamrup 781101 Guwahati Assam India
| | - Aniket Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani (BITS Pilani) Vidya Vihar Campus, 41 Pilani 333031 Rajasthan India
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2
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Fatykhov R, Khalymbadzha I, Chupakhin O. Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions between Phenols and Hetarenes: Modern Trends in Cross‐Coupling Chemistry of Phenols. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramil Fatykhov
- Ural Federal University 19 Mira Str. 620002 Ekaterinburg Russia
| | - Igor Khalymbadzha
- Ural Federal University 19 Mira Str. 620002 Ekaterinburg Russia
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 22 S. Kovalevskaya Str. 620990 Ekaterinburg Russia
| | - Oleg Chupakhin
- Ural Federal University 19 Mira Str. 620002 Ekaterinburg Russia
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 22 S. Kovalevskaya Str. 620990 Ekaterinburg Russia
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3
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Patel BK, Dahiya A, Sahoo AK, Chakraborty N, Das B. Updates on hypervalent-iodine reagents in metal-free organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2005-2027. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine (HVI) chemistry is a rapidly growing subdomain of contemporary organic chemistry because of its enormous synthetic applications. The high nucleofugality of the phenyliodonio group (I+Ph) and their radical...
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4
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Bashir MA, Wei J, Wang H, Zhong F, Zhai H. Recent advances in catalytic oxidative reactions of phenols and naphthalenols. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00758d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This critical review aims to provide an overview of oxidative phenol and naphthalenol transformations in nature and synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Bashir
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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5
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Shchepochkin AV, Antipin FV, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON. Oxidative C–H Functionalization of Arenes: Main Tool of 21st Century Green Chemistry. A Review. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500821070016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Takenaga N, Dohi T, China H, Kumar R. Azido, Cyano, and Nitrato Cyclic Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents in Heterocycle Synthesis. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-20-sr(k)5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Komiyama K, Kobayashi S, Shoji T, Kikushima K, Dohi T, Kita Y. Practical synthesis of diaryliodonium(iii) triflates using ArI(OAc)2/TfOH/MeCN reaction system. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-3035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Takenaga N, Kumar R, Dohi T. Heteroaryliodonium(III) Salts as Highly Reactive Electrophiles. Front Chem 2020; 8:599026. [PMID: 33330391 PMCID: PMC7714995 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.599026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the chemistry of heteroaryliodonium(III) salts has undergone significant developments. Heteroaryliodonium(III) salts have been found to be useful synthetic tools for the transfer of heteroaryl groups under metal-catalyzed and metal-free conditions for the preparation of functionalized heteroarene-containing compounds. Synthetic transformations mediated by these heteroaryliodonium(III) salts are classified into two categories: (1) reactions utilizing the high reactivity of the hypervalent iodine(III) species, and (2) reactions based on unique and new reactivities not observed in other types of conventional diaryliodonium salts. The latter feature is of particular interest and so has been intensively investigated in recent decades. This mini-review therefore aims to summarize the recent synthetic applications of heteroaryliodonium(III) salts as highly reactive electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Kumar
- J.C. Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, India
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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9
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Ghosh MK, Rout N. Aryl‐Aryl Cross‐Coupling with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Aryl Group Transfer Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Ghosh
- TCG Lifesciences Private Limited Block BN, Plot 7 Salt Lake city, Kolkata 700091 West Bengal India
| | - Nilendri Rout
- TCG Lifesciences Private Limited Block BN, Plot 7 Salt Lake city, Kolkata 700091 West Bengal India
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10
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Kita Y, Dohi T, Komiyama K, Ueda S, Yamaoka N. Benzylic Oxidation and Functionalizations of Xanthenes by Ligand Trasfer Reactions of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-19-14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalytic oxidations have been witnessed to an impressive development in the last years thanks to the establishment of important chiral hypervalent iodines(III/V). Many different approaches involving both stoichiometric and catalytic versions have provided a fundamental advance in this area within asymmetric synthesis. The easily handing, nontoxic, mild, environmentally friendly (green oxidants), and high stability that are features of these reagents have been applied to many reactions and also have allowed exploring further unprecedented enantioselective transformations. The intention of the present review is thus to highlight as a whole the many approaches utilized up to date to prepare chiral iodines(III/V), as well as their reactivity in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Parra
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Institute for Advance Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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12
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Huang CY, Kang H, Li J, Li CJ. En Route to Intermolecular Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12705-12721. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hyotaik Kang
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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13
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Firmansyah D, Hong SJ, Dutta R, He Q, Bae J, Jo H, Kim H, Ok KM, Lynch VM, Byon HR, Sessler JL, Lee CH. Trapping of Stable [4n+1] π-Electron Species from Peripherally Substituted, Conformationally Rigid, Antiaromatic Hexaphyrins. Chemistry 2019; 25:3525-3531. [PMID: 30684359 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peripherally substituted antiaromatic naphthorosarins have been synthesized for the first time. The synthesis was accomplished by acid-catalyzed condensation of naphthobipyrrole building blocks with aromatic aldehydes. The naphthobipyrrole building blocks were synthesized by simple oxidative coupling of the corresponding pyrrole substituted aromatics. Solid-state structural analyses of the synthesized naphthorosarins revealed that the presence of meso-2,6-dichlorophenyl- and 5,6-difluoro-substitution substantially alter the geometry and properties of the naphthorosarins. The substituents affect the redox potentials as well and, in turn, the proton-coupled electron-transfer processes leading to the formation of one- and two-electron reduced forms of the corresponding naphthorosarins. One particular naphthorosarin that bears both peripheral fluorine and meso-2,6-dichlorophenyl substituents forms a stable 25 π-electron species upon treating with TFA that was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The current study underscores how structural modifications can be used to fine-tune the electronic features of naphthorosarins, including stabilization of odd electron species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikhi Firmansyah
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea
| | - Qing He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Jinhee Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Advanced Battery Center, NanoCentury, KAIST Institute, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hongil Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Hakwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yong, In, 17104, Korea
| | - Kang Min Ok
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Hye Ryung Byon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Advanced Battery Center, NanoCentury, KAIST Institute, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea
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14
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Hyatt IFD, Dave L, David N, Kaur K, Medard M, Mowdawalla C. Hypervalent iodine reactions utilized in carbon–carbon bond formations. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7822-7848. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01267b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review covers recent developments of hypervalent iodine chemistry in dearomatizations, radicals, hypervalent iodine-guided electrophilic substitution, arylations, photoredox, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loma Dave
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Adelphi University
- Garden City
- USA
| | - Navindra David
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Adelphi University
- Garden City
- USA
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Adelphi University
- Garden City
- USA
| | - Marly Medard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Adelphi University
- Garden City
- USA
| | - Cyrus Mowdawalla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Adelphi University
- Garden City
- USA
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15
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Hori M, Guo JD, Yanagi T, Nogi K, Sasamori T, Yorimitsu H. Sigmatropic Rearrangements of Hypervalent-Iodine-Tethered Intermediates for the Synthesis of Biaryls. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4663-4667. [PMID: 29451348 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free dehydrogenative couplings of aryliodanes with phenols to afford 2-hydroxy-2'-iodobiaryls have been developed. This reaction proceeds through ligand exchange on the hypervalent iodine atom followed by a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement and with complete regioselectivity. This coupling, in combination with in situ oxidation by mCPBA, enables the convenient conversion of iodoarenes into desirable biaryls. The obtained biaryls have convertible iodo and hydroxy groups in close proximity, and are thus synthetically useful, as exemplified by the controlled syntheses of π-extended furans and a substituted [5]helicene. DFT calculations clearly revealed that the rearrangement is sigmatropic, with C-C bond formation and I-O bond cleavage proceeding in a concerted manner. Acetic acid, which was found to be the best solvent for this protocol, renders the iodine atom more cationic and thus accelerates the sigmatropic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Hori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jing-Dong Guo
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nogi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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16
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Hori M, Guo J, Yanagi T, Nogi K, Sasamori T, Yorimitsu H. Sigmatropic Rearrangements of Hypervalent‐Iodine‐Tethered Intermediates for the Synthesis of Biaryls. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Hori
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Jing‐Dong Guo
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yanagi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Keisuke Nogi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences Nagoya City University Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya Aichi 467-8501 Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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17
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Morimoto K, Ohnishi Y, Koseki D, Nakamura A, Dohi T, Kita Y. Stabilized pyrrolyl iodonium salts and metal-free oxidative cross-coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:8947-8951. [PMID: 27722732 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01764a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrole-aryl derivatives are important due to their unique biological activities in medicinal chemistry. We now report a new oxidative biaryl coupling for pyrroles and indoles toward various arenes using a hypervalent iodine reagent and an appropriate stabilizer for pyrrolyl iodonium intermediates. The reactions readily provide a variety of desired coupling products in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morimoto
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohnishi
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daichi Koseki
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Ritsumeikan University, Research Organization of Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- Ritsumeikan University, Research Organization of Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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18
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Sreenithya A, Surya K, Sunoj RB. Hypercoordinate iodine(III) promoted reactions and catalysis: an update on current mechanistic understanding. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sreenithya
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
| | - K. Surya
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
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19
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Morimoto K, Nakamura A, Dohi T, Kita Y. Metal-Free Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reaction of Thiophene Iodonium Salts with Pyrroles. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morimoto
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577 Shiga Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Ritsumeikan University; Research Organization of Science and Technology; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577 Shiga Japan
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577 Shiga Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577 Shiga Japan
- Ritsumeikan University; Research Organization of Science and Technology; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577 Shiga Japan
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A. Agnew‐Francis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland Australia 4072
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland Australia 4072
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21
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Morimoto K, Sakamoto K, Ohshika T, Dohi T, Kita Y. Organo-Iodine(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative Phenol-Arene and Phenol-Phenol Cross-Coupling Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3652-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morimoto
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology; Ritsumeikan University; Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Takao Ohshika
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology; Ritsumeikan University; Japan
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22
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Morimoto K, Sakamoto K, Ohshika T, Dohi T, Kita Y. Organo-Iodine(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative Phenol-Arene and Phenol-Phenol Cross-Coupling Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morimoto
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology; Ritsumeikan University; Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Takao Ohshika
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- Ritsumeikan University; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology; Ritsumeikan University; Japan
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Abstract
The preparation, structure, and chemistry of hypervalent iodine compounds are reviewed with emphasis on their synthetic application. Compounds of iodine possess reactivity similar to that of transition metals, but have the advantage of environmental sustainability and efficient utilization of natural resources. These compounds are widely used in organic synthesis as selective oxidants and environmentally friendly reagents. Synthetic uses of hypervalent iodine reagents in halogenation reactions, various oxidations, rearrangements, aminations, C-C bond-forming reactions, and transition metal-catalyzed reactions are summarized and discussed. Recent discovery of hypervalent catalytic systems and recyclable reagents, and the development of new enantioselective reactions using chiral hypervalent iodine compounds represent a particularly important achievement in the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry. One of the goals of this Review is to attract the attention of the scientific community as to the benefits of using hypervalent iodine compounds as an environmentally sustainable alternative to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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24
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Hypervalent Iodine-Induced Oxidative Couplings (New Metal-Free Coupling Advances and Their Applications in Natural Product Syntheses). HYPERVALENT IODINE CHEMISTRY 2016; 373:1-23. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2016_667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Korenaga T, Nitatori K, Muraoka H, Ogawa S, Shimada K. Development and Application of a Multielectron-Accepting Organic Oxidant for the Catalytic Transition-Metal-Free Oxidative Homocoupling of Grignard Reagents in Air. Org Lett 2015; 17:5500-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Korenaga
- Department
of Chemistry and
Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5
Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Kaoru Nitatori
- Department
of Chemistry and
Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5
Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroki Muraoka
- Department
of Chemistry and
Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5
Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Department
of Chemistry and
Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5
Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Department
of Chemistry and
Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5
Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
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26
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Kita Y, Dohi T. Pioneering Metal-Free Oxidative Coupling Strategy of Aromatic Compounds Using Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. CHEM REC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kita
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
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27
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Hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated C(sp3)H bond arylation, alkylation, and amidation of isothiochroman. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Takesue T, Fujita M, Sugimura T, Akutsu H. A Series of Two Oxidation Reactions of ortho-Alkenylbenzamide with Hypervalent Iodine(III): A Concise Entry into (3R,4R)-4-Hydroxymellein and (3R,4R)-4-Hydroxy-6-methoxymellein. Org Lett 2014; 16:4634-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502225p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Takesue
- Graduate
School of Material
Science, University of Hyogo, Kohto, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Morifumi Fujita
- Graduate
School of Material
Science, University of Hyogo, Kohto, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugimura
- Graduate
School of Material
Science, University of Hyogo, Kohto, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hiroki Akutsu
- Graduate
School of Material
Science, University of Hyogo, Kohto, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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29
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Bosset C, Coffinier R, Peixoto PA, El Assal M, Miqueu K, Sotiropoulos JM, Pouységu L, Quideau S. Asymmetric Hydroxylative Phenol Dearomatization Promoted by Chiral Binaphthylic and Biphenylic Iodanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Bosset C, Coffinier R, Peixoto PA, El Assal M, Miqueu K, Sotiropoulos JM, Pouységu L, Quideau S. Asymmetric hydroxylative phenol dearomatization promoted by chiral binaphthylic and biphenylic iodanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9860-4. [PMID: 25047148 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The long-standing quest for chiral hypervalent organoiodine compounds (i.e., iodanes) as metal-free reagents for asymmetric synthesis continues. Although remarkable progress has recently been made in organoiodine-catalyzed reactions using a terminal oxidant in stoichiometric amounts, there is still a significant need for "flaskable" chiral iodane reagents. Herein, we describe the synthesis of new iodobinaphthyls and iodobiphenyls, their successful and selective DMDO-mediated oxidation into either λ(3)- or λ(5)-iodanes, and the evaluation of their capacity to promote asymmetric hydroxylative phenol dearomatization (HPD) reactions. Most notably, a C2-symmetrical biphenylic λ(5)-iodane promoted the HPD-induced conversion of the monoterpene thymol into the corresponding ortho-quinol-based [4+2] cyclodimer (i.e., bis(thymol)) with enantiomeric excesses of up to 94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Bosset
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255) and IECB, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac Cedex (France)
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31
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Firmansyah D, Banasiewicz M, Deperasińska I, Makarewicz A, Kozankiewicz B, Gryko DT. Vertically π-Expanded Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine: The Missing Link of the Puzzle. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2483-93. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Zhang N, Samanta SR, Rosen BM, Percec V. Single Electron Transfer in Radical Ion and Radical-Mediated Organic, Materials and Polymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5848-958. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400689s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shampa R. Samanta
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Brad M. Rosen
- DuPont Titanium Technologies, Chestnut Run Plaza, Wilmington, Delaware 19805, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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33
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N1-Selective Oxidative CN Coupling of Azoles with Pyrroles Using a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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34
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Muramatsu W, Nakano K. Organocatalytic Approach for C(sp3)–H Bond Arylation, Alkylation, and Amidation of Isochromans under Facile Conditions. Org Lett 2014; 16:2042-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5006399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Muramatsu
- Graduate School of Biomedical
Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Nakano
- Graduate School of Biomedical
Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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35
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Muramatsu W, Nakano K, Li CJ. Direct sp3 C–H bond arylation, alkylation, and amidation of tetrahydroisoquinolines mediated by hypervalent iodine(iii) under mild conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2189-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method for the sp3 C–H bond functionalization of tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) mediated by [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene (PIFA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Muramatsu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Nagasaki University
- Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Nakano
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Nagasaki University
- Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal, Canada
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36
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Parra A, Reboredo S. Chiral Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Synthesis and Reactivity. Chemistry 2013; 19:17244-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Parra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo‐1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Silvia Reboredo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040 Madrid (Spain)
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37
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Ito M, Kubo H, Itani I, Morimoto K, Dohi T, Kita Y. Organocatalytic C–H/C–H′ Cross-Biaryl Coupling: C-Selective Arylation of Sulfonanilides with Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14078-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407944p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Ito
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi,
Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kubo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi,
Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Itsuki Itani
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi,
Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Koji Morimoto
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi,
Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi,
Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi,
Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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38
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Grzybowski M, Skonieczny K, Butenschön H, Gryko DT. Oxidative aromatische Kupplung und Scholl-Reaktion im Vergleich. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201210238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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39
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Grzybowski M, Skonieczny K, Butenschön H, Gryko DT. Comparison of Oxidative Aromatic Coupling and the Scholl Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9900-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201210238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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40
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Morimoto K, Sakamoto K, Ohnishi Y, Miyamoto T, Ito M, Dohi T, Kita Y. Metal-free oxidative para cross-coupling of phenols. Chemistry 2013; 19:8726-31. [PMID: 23696108 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morimoto
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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41
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Dohi T, Takenaga N, Nakae T, Toyoda Y, Yamasaki M, Shiro M, Fujioka H, Maruyama A, Kita Y. Asymmetric Dearomatizing Spirolactonization of Naphthols Catalyzed by Spirobiindane-Based Chiral Hypervalent Iodine Species. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4558-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ja401074u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Dohi
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1
Nojihigashi, Kusatsu,
Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoko Takenaga
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka,
Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Nakae
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1
Nojihigashi, Kusatsu,
Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yosuke Toyoda
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1
Nojihigashi, Kusatsu,
Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Mikio Yamasaki
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Motoo Shiro
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujioka
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka,
Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akinobu Maruyama
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka,
Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1
Nojihigashi, Kusatsu,
Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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42
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Dohi T, Yamaoka N, Nakamura S, Sumida K, Morimoto K, Kita Y. Efficient Synthesis of a Regioregular Oligothiophene Photovoltaic Dye Molecule, MK-2, and Related Compounds: A Cooperative Hypervalent Iodine and Metal-Catalyzed Synthetic Route. Chemistry 2012; 19:2067-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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43
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Hamamoto H. Development and application of new oxidation systems utilizing oxometalate catalysts. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:799-817. [PMID: 22790811 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review describes our recent efforts in the development and application of new oxidation systems utilizing oxometalate catalysts. The novel use of heteropoly acid (HPA), an acidic oxometalate catalyst, in hypervalent iodine-mediated oxidations provided an effective strategy to generate cation radical species that enables a variety of direct C-H functionalizations of aromatic compounds. This strategy brought a facile biaryl synthesis and new spirodienone syntheses in aromatic oxidation chemistry. Moreover, this strategy opens up a facile synthetic route to morphinandienone alkaloids. On the other hand, the use of oxometalate catalyst together with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-based polymer in the development of new solid-phase catalyst provided a novel reaction system in water. Due to the characteristic temperature-responsive intelligence of PNIPAAm, this reaction system brought a remarkable acceleration of the reactivity and ease of catalyst recovering in catalytic oxidation that uses hydrogen peroxide or oxygen gas (O<inf>2</inf>) as primary oxidant. In addition, the recovered solid-phase catalyst could be used for consecutive reactions without any significant loss of its catalytic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Hamamoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3–4–1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan.
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44
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Kita Y, Dohi T, Ito M, Sekiguchi S, Ishikado Y. HYPERVALENT IODINE INDUCED OXIDATIVE CROSS COUPLING VIA Thiophene CATION RADICAL INTERMEDIATE. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-s(n)39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Lewtak JP, Gryko DT. Synthesis of π-extended porphyrins via intramolecular oxidative coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10069-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31279d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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