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Foster PG, de Oliveira TMP, Bergo ES, Conn JE, Sant'Ana DC, Nagaki SS, Nihei S, Lamas CE, González C, Moreira CC, Sallum MAM. Phylogeny of Anophelinae using mitochondrial protein coding genes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170758. [PMID: 29291068 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1d8th] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a vector-borne disease that is a great burden on the poorest and most marginalized communities of the tropical and subtropical world. Approximately 41 species of Anopheline mosquitoes can effectively spread species of Plasmodium parasites that cause human malaria. Proposing a natural classification for the subfamily Anophelinae has been a continuous effort, addressed using both morphology and DNA sequence data. The monophyly of the genus Anopheles, and phylogenetic placement of the genus Bironella, subgenera Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia and Stethomyia within the subfamily Anophelinae, remain in question. To understand the classification of Anophelinae, we inferred the phylogeny of all three genera (Anopheles, Bironella, Chagasia) and major subgenera by analysing the amino acid sequences of the 13 protein coding genes of 150 newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes of Anophelinae and 18 newly sequenced Culex species as outgroup taxa, supplemented with 23 mitogenomes from GenBank. Our analyses generally place genus Bironella within the genus Anopheles, which implies that the latter as it is currently defined is not monophyletic. With some inconsistencies, Bironella was placed within the major clade that includes Anopheles, Cellia, Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia, Nyssorhynchus and Stethomyia, which were found to be monophyletic groups within Anophelinae. Our findings provided robust evidence for elevating the monophyletic groupings Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia, Nyssorhynchus and Stethomyia to genus level; genus Anopheles to include subgenera Anopheles, Baimaia, Cellia and Christya; Anopheles parvus to be placed into a new genus; Nyssorhynchus to be elevated to genus level; the genus Nyssorhynchus to include subgenera Myzorhynchella and Nyssorhynchus; Anopheles atacamensis and Anopheles pictipennis to be transferred from subgenus Nyssorhynchus to subgenus Myzorhynchella; and subgenus Nyssorhynchus to encompass the remaining species of Argyritarsis and Albimanus Sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Foster
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Eduardo S Bergo
- Superintendencia de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saude de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Denise Cristina Sant'Ana
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Sayuri Nagaki
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio Nihei
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Christian González
- Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caio Cesar Moreira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Foster PG, de Oliveira TMP, Bergo ES, Conn JE, Sant’Ana DC, Nagaki SS, Nihei S, Lamas CE, González C, Moreira CC, Sallum MAM. Phylogeny of Anophelinae using mitochondrial protein coding genes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170758. [PMID: 29291068 PMCID: PMC5717642 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a vector-borne disease that is a great burden on the poorest and most marginalized communities of the tropical and subtropical world. Approximately 41 species of Anopheline mosquitoes can effectively spread species of Plasmodium parasites that cause human malaria. Proposing a natural classification for the subfamily Anophelinae has been a continuous effort, addressed using both morphology and DNA sequence data. The monophyly of the genus Anopheles, and phylogenetic placement of the genus Bironella, subgenera Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia and Stethomyia within the subfamily Anophelinae, remain in question. To understand the classification of Anophelinae, we inferred the phylogeny of all three genera (Anopheles, Bironella, Chagasia) and major subgenera by analysing the amino acid sequences of the 13 protein coding genes of 150 newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes of Anophelinae and 18 newly sequenced Culex species as outgroup taxa, supplemented with 23 mitogenomes from GenBank. Our analyses generally place genus Bironella within the genus Anopheles, which implies that the latter as it is currently defined is not monophyletic. With some inconsistencies, Bironella was placed within the major clade that includes Anopheles, Cellia, Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia, Nyssorhynchus and Stethomyia, which were found to be monophyletic groups within Anophelinae. Our findings provided robust evidence for elevating the monophyletic groupings Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia, Nyssorhynchus and Stethomyia to genus level; genus Anopheles to include subgenera Anopheles, Baimaia, Cellia and Christya; Anopheles parvus to be placed into a new genus; Nyssorhynchus to be elevated to genus level; the genus Nyssorhynchus to include subgenera Myzorhynchella and Nyssorhynchus; Anopheles atacamensis and Anopheles pictipennis to be transferred from subgenus Nyssorhynchus to subgenus Myzorhynchella; and subgenus Nyssorhynchus to encompass the remaining species of Argyritarsis and Albimanus Sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Foster
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Eduardo S. Bergo
- Superintendencia de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saude de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Denise Cristina Sant’Ana
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Sayuri Nagaki
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio Nihei
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Christian González
- Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caio Cesar Moreira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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