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Minervini F, Sergi CM, Scarci M, Kestenholz PB, Valentini L, Boschetti L, Bertoglio P. Benign tumors of the chest wall. J Thorac Dis 2024; 16:722-736. [PMID: 38410554 PMCID: PMC10894435 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Benign tumors of the chest wall are rare tumors that might arise from all the tissues of the chest: vessels, nerves, bones, cartilage, and soft tissues. Despite benign features, these tumors can have several histological characteristics and different behaviors. Even if they do not influence life expectancy, rarely they may have a potential risk of malignant transformation. They can cause several, oft, unspecific symptoms but more than 20% of affected patients are asymptomatic and are being diagnosed incidentally on chest radiograph or computed tomography scan. Pain is the most common described symptom. Together with a detailed medical history, a rigorous and meticulous clinical and radiological assessment is mandatory. If radiological features are unclear or in case surgery could not be performed, a biopsy should be indicated to establish a diagnosis. Radical surgical resection can often be offered to resect and cure these neoplasms, but this is might not be true for all types of tumors and, in some cases, their dimension or position might contra-indicate surgery. Given the rarity of these tumors, there is a lack of treatment's guidelines and prospective trials that include a significant number of patients. This review discusses, according to the latest evidence, the histological features and the best treatment of several chest wall benign tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Minervini
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Consolato Maria Sergi
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marco Scarci
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter B. Kestenholz
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Valentini
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Boschetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Bertoglio
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Alkwai H, Alkwai H, Al Namshan M. Sudden Appearance of a Palpable Chest Wall Mass Secondary to Macrocystic Lymphatic Malformation: A Case Report. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020235. [PMID: 36832364 PMCID: PMC9954574 DOI: 10.3390/children10020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chest wall lymphatic malformations are rare and can pose a diagnostic dilemma, particularly if they present abruptly. This case report describes a 15-month-old male toddler presenting with a left lateral chest mass. Histopathology of the surgically excised mass confirmed the diagnosis of a macrocystic lymphatic malformation. Furthermore, there was no recurrence of the lesion in the two-year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Alkwai
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ha’il, Hail 55255, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Hala Alkwai
- Department of Pulmonology, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Namshan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
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Pathiraja H, Rasnayake D, Muthukumarana T, de Silva C, Sathkorala W, Gunaratne S, Rajindrajith S, Mettananda S. A large pericardial cystic lymphangioma presenting as acute-onset respiratory distress in a child: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:397. [PMID: 36316785 PMCID: PMC9623980 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphangiomas are rare benign malformations of the lymphatics that occur due to blockage of the lymphatic system during fetal development. They commonly occur in the neck and axilla, while involvement of the pericardium is rare. We report herein the case of a 16-month-old Sri Lankan child with a large pericardial cystic lymphangioma presenting with sudden-onset shortness of breath. Case presentation A 16-month-old Sri Lankan boy presented with sudden-onset dyspnea for 1-day duration following a febrile illness that lasted 2 days. On examination, he was afebrile and had subcostal, intercostal, and suprasternal recessions, with a respiratory rate of 50 breaths per minute. He had a loud expiratory grunt. The chest expansion was reduced on the right side, which was dull to percussion. Auscultation revealed a marked reduction of air entry over the right lower and mid zones. Chest X-ray showed a well-demarcated opacity involving the lower and mid zones of the right hemithorax associated with a tracheal shift to the opposite side. Ultrasound scan of the chest revealed fluid-filled right hemithorax suggesting a septate pleural effusion. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the thorax showed a large multiloculated extrapulmonary cystic lesion involving the right hemithorax with a mediastinal shift towards the left side associated with displacement of the right-side mediastinal structures. He underwent mini-thoracotomy and surgical excision of the cyst. A large cyst originating from the pericardium was observed and excised during surgery. Histological examination revealed a lesion composed of cysts devoid of a lining epithelium but separated by connective tissue, mature adipose tissue, and lymphoid aggregates. The child showed complete recovery postoperatively with full expansion of the ipsilateral lung. Conclusion We report the case of a patient with cystic lymphangioma who was perfectly well and asymptomatic until 16 months of age. This case report presents the very rare occurrence of a large cystic lymphangioma originating from the pericardium. It highlights the importance of considering rare possibilities and performing prompt imaging in situations of diagnostic uncertainty to arrive at an accurate diagnosis that can be lifesaving.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaman Rajindrajith
- Lady Ridgeway Children’s Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka ,grid.8065.b0000000121828067Department of Paediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Sachith Mettananda
- grid.470189.3Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka ,grid.45202.310000 0000 8631 5388Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Thalagolla Road, Ragama, 11010 Sri Lanka
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Bhatnagar A, Upadhyaya VD, Yadav R, Kumar B. Management of macrocystic lymphatic malformation at uncommon site with aqueous bleomycin sclerotherapy. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2020; 11:193-198. [PMID: 33897180 PMCID: PMC8051672 DOI: 10.4103/njms.njms_48_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lymphangioma are rare vascular malformation that results from maldevelopment of primitive lymphatic sacs. They are most frequently found in the neck and axilla, while intra-abdominal and mediastinal lymphangiomas are uncommon. Atypical site of cystic hygroma in pediatric age group are usually difficult to diagnose clinically but can be diagnosed easily by ultrasound. The aim of the study was to evaluate the result of the intralesional bleomycin for macrocystic lymphatic malformation (LM) presenting at atypical site Material and Method: All patients of LM of other than head& neck, axilla and abdomen presenting in pediatric age group were included in the study. Mainstay of diagnosis was ultrasound and was supplemented by CT scan wherever required. All patients were managed with intralesional bleomycin (ILB) and surgical excision was done only if primary therapy failed. Result: Total 15 cases of LM presenting at atypical sites were included in the study. Series include two case of cystic hygroma of breast, 4 cases of cystic hygroma of anterior chest wall, two case of substernal LM, three cases of LM of parotid gland, one case of inguinal region cystic hygroma and 4 cases involving submandicular area. Complete resolution was observed in 13 out of 15 cases, and two cases had less than 50% reduction in size and were managed with surgical excision after second session of ILB. Conclusion: Aqueous Intralesional bleomycin is a cost effective alternative to surgery even at rare sites of LM which provide better aesthetic outcome, and avoids complication associated with surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Bhatnagar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rajnikant Yadav
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Basant Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Song S, Chang D, Li H, Li B, Xu K, Liu C, Cui Y. Rare cystic lymphangioma in the chest wall of an adult patient: A case report and comprehensive review of the literature. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:3388-3390. [PMID: 32986288 PMCID: PMC7606011 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiomatosis is a rare, benign, hyperproliferative hamartoma composed of dilated lymphatic vessels. Cystic lymphangioma (CL) in the chest wall in an adult patient is rare, but we focus on this type of patient in our present case study. A 54‐year‐old female patient with a painless mass in her chest wall went without treatment for two years following diagnosis. After consenting to treatment, Doppler color flow imaging (DCFI), chest CT, and MRI revealed a cystic lesion with multiple thin septula in the left chest. Surgical resection was performed, and histopathological examination identified a cystic lymphangioma. The patient did not experience recurrence during the follow‐up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaikai Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunquan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Cystic Lymphangioma of the Chest Wall in a 5-Year-Old Male Patient: A Rare and Atypical Localization-A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Case Rep Pediatr 2017; 2017:2083204. [PMID: 29201481 PMCID: PMC5672607 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2083204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioma is a benign congenital malformation. The extremely rare and atypical localization of a lymphangioma in the chest wall was the real motive for the present case study. A 5-year-old boy was admitted to the Emergency Department of the 1st Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, due to the presence of a mildly painful swelling in the left lateral chest wall, which was first noticed three months ago, after a blunt injury during sport. Physical examination revealed the presence of a palpable, spherical, painful, nut-sized subcutaneous lesion in the left lateral chest wall, respectively, with the anterior axillary line, at the height of the 6th to 7th intercostal space. Presence of ecchymosis on the overlying skin was also noticed. During palpation, we did not notice fluctuation, while transillumination was not feasible. Performance of ultrasonography, including Doppler color flow imaging, followed, depicting a subcutaneous cystic lesion, 2.1⁎3.2 cm in dimensions, without extension to the thoracic cavity. Scheduled surgical excision of the lesion was decided. Histopathological examination documented the diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma. Patient is still followed up on a 6-month basis. He remains asymptomatic, after 2 years, without indication of relapse.
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Zhang DY, Lu Z, Ma X, Wang QY, Sun WL, Wu W, Cui PY. Multiple Hemolymphangioma of the Visceral Organs: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1126. [PMID: 26166115 PMCID: PMC4504602 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolymphangioma is a rare disease with malformation of both lymphatic and vascular vessels. Few cases of hemolymphangioma occurring in the rectum, small intestine, pancreas, esophagus, and other organs have been reported. Nevertheless, multiple hemolymphangioma of the visceral organs are extremely rare. We report a 25-year-old female with a significantly enlarged spleen full of multiple-rounded lesions. Curiously, the splenic flexure and even retroperitoneum had many lesions. The patient recovered well after splenectomy and the pathologic diagnosis of spleen was hemolymphangioma with abnormal lymphatic and blood vessels with polycystic spaces.Usually, it is hard to cure this disease. We should take much more consideration into the diagnosis, treatment, and even pathogenesis, even though it is a benign lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Yong Zhang
- From the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College (D-YZ, ZL, XM, W-LS,WW, P-YC); Department of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Q-YW)
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Srivastava P, Jaiman R, Srivastava U, Singhal S. Giant splenic lymphangiomatosis in adult: a diagnostic dilemma. Indian J Surg 2015; 77:137-9. [PMID: 25972674 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-014-1203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic lymphangiomatosis of the spleen occurs secondary to developmental malformation of the lymphatic system. It is one of the rare entities generally seen in children. It is usually seen in children. We report a case of cystic lymphangiomatosis of the spleen occurring in an adult woman presenting with massive splenomegaly. Total splenectomy was considered to be the treatment of choice for making definitive diagnosis and to exclude the presence of malignancy or other causes of massive splenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richa Jaiman
- Department of Surgery, S.N. Medical College, Agra, UP India
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Yang F, Chen WX. Splenic lymphangioma that manifested as a solid-cystic mass: A case report. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:781-783. [PMID: 23429434 PMCID: PMC3574609 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i5.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioma, a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system, is usually found in children, and generally occurs in the neck and mediastinum. It is rarely found in the spleen. The clinical features of splenic lymphangioma typically include abdominal pain, nausea, and abdominal distention. Frequently, however, this condition is asymptomatic and is incidentally detected by abdominal ultrasonography or by an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan. In this paper, we retrospectively describe a case of incidentally detected splenic lymphangioma in a 30-year-old woman with special abdominal contrast material-enhanced CT findings, which was accurately diagnosed by histopathology. The clinical and physical examinations related to the mass were negative. A few cases of splenic lymphangioma have been reported previously; however, the presentation of the mass and the enhancement pattern in the contrast medium-enhanced CT images were quite extraordinary. These findings had misled our abdominal radiologists to consider it as other neoplastic diseases of the spleen.
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