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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science
Center, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Shanghao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science
Center, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Zhili Peng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science
Center, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Abdelhameed M. Othman
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science at Yanbu, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roger Leblanc
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science
Center, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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Mohammed M, Syed MF, Aslan K. Microwave-accelerated bioassay technique for rapid and quantitative detection of biological and environmental samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 75:420-6. [PMID: 26356762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative detection of molecules of interest from biological and environmental samples in a rapid manner, particularly with a relevant concentration range, is imperative to the timely assessment of human diseases and environmental issues. In this work, we employed the microwave-accelerated bioassay (MAB) technique, which is based on the combined use of circular bioassay platforms and microwave heating, for rapid and quantitative detection of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Shiga like toxin (STX 1). The proof-of-principle use of the MAB technique with the circular bioassay platforms for the rapid detection of GFAP in buffer based on colorimetric and fluorescence readouts was demonstrated with a 900W kitchen microwave. We also employed the MAB technique with a new microwave system (called the iCrystal system) for the detection of GFAP from mice with brain injuries and STX 1 from a city water stream. Control bioassays included the commercially available gold standard bioassay kits run at room temperature. Our results show that the lower limit of detection (LLOD) of the colorimetric and fluorescence based bioassays for GFAP was decreased by ~1000 times using the MAB technique and our circular bioassay platforms as compared to the commercially available bioassay kits. The overall bioassay time for GFAP and STX 1 was reduced from 4h using commercially available bioassay kits to 10min using the MAB technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Mohammed
- Morgan State University, Department of Chemistry, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, United States
| | - Maleeha F Syed
- Morgan State University, Department of Chemistry, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, United States
| | - Kadir Aslan
- Morgan State University, Department of Chemistry, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, United States.
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Abel B, Coskun S, Mohammed M, Williams R, Unalan HE, Aslan K. Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence from Silver Nanowires with High Aspect Ratio on Glass Slides for Biosensing Applications. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2015; 119:675-684. [PMID: 25598859 PMCID: PMC4291037 DOI: 10.1021/jp509040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
High enhancement of fluorescence emission, improved fluorophore photostability, and significant reduction of fluorescence lifetimes have been obtained from high aspect ratio (>100) silver (Ag) nanowires. These quantities are found to depend on the surface loading of Ag nanowires on glass slides, where the enhancement of fluorescence emission increases with the density of nanowires. The surface loading dependence was attributed to the creation of intense electric fields around the network of Ag nanowires and to the coupling of fluorophore excited states that takes place efficiently at a distance of 10 nm from the surface of nanowires, which was confirmed by theoretical calculations. The enhancement of fluorescence emission of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to demonstrate the potential of high aspect ratio Ag nanowires. Fluorescence enhancement factors exceeding 14 were observed on Ag nanowires with high loading by FLIM. The photostability of FITC was the highest on nanowires with medium loading under continuous laser excitation for 10 min because of the significant reduction in the fluorescence lifetime of FITC on these surfaces. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of Ag nanowires in metal-enhanced fluorescence-based applications of biosensing on planar surfaces and cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biebele Abel
- Department
of Chemistry, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Sahin Coskun
- Department
of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Mohammed
- Department
of Chemistry, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Richard Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
| | - Husnu Emrah Unalan
- Department
of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Kadir Aslan
- Department
of Chemistry, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, United States
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Abel B, Aslan K. Surface modification of plasmonic nanostructured materials with thiolated oligonucleotides in 10 seconds using selective microwave heating. ANNALEN DER PHYSIK 2012; 524:741-750. [PMID: 23645933 PMCID: PMC3640794 DOI: 10.1002/andp.201200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the proof-of-principle of rapid surface modification of plasmonic nanostructured materials with oligonucleotides using low power microwave heating. Due to their interesting optical and electronic properties, silver nanoparticle films (SNFs, 2 nm thick) deposited onto glass slides were used as the model plasmonic nanostructured materials. Rapid surface modification of SNFs with oligonucleotides was carried out using two strategies (1) Strategy 1: for ss-oligonucleotides, surface hybridization and (2) Strategy 2: for ds-oligonucleotides, solution hybridization), where the samples were exposed to 10, 15, 30 and 60 seconds microwave heating. To assess the efficacy of our new rapid surface modification technique, identical experiments carried out without the microwave heating (i.e., conventional method), which requires 24 hours for the completion of the identical steps. It was found that SNFs can be modified with ss- and ds-oligonucleotides in 10 seconds, which typically requires several hours of incubation time for the chemisorption of thiol groups on to the planar metal surface using conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biebele Abel
- Morgan State University, Department of Chemistry, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251 USA
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Yan-zhong Z, Yan-yan H, Jun Z, Shai-hong Z, Zhi-you L, Ke-chao Z. Characteristics of functionalized nano-hydroxyapatite and internalization by human epithelial cell. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:600. [PMID: 22108000 PMCID: PMC3235225 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of biological bone and tooth enamel, and synthetic hydroxyapatite has been widely used as biomaterials. In this study, a facile method has been developed for the fabrication of arginine-functionalized and europium-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Arg-Eu-HAP). The synthesized nanoparticles characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared, and Zeta potential analyzer. Its biological properties with DNA binding, cell toxicity, cell binding and intracellular distribution were tested by agarose gel electrophoresis assay, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope. The synthesized Arg-Eu-HAP could effectively bind DNA without any cytotoxicity and be internalized into the cytoplasm and perinuclear of human lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yan-zhong
- Medical Experiment Center in the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Research Center for Medical Material and Instruments, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Huang Yan-yan
- Medical Experiment Center in the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhu Jun
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhu Shai-hong
- Medical Experiment Center in the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Research Center for Medical Material and Instruments, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Li Zhi-you
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhou Ke-chao
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Research Center for Medical Material and Instruments, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Petryayeva E, Krull UJ. Localized surface plasmon resonance: nanostructures, bioassays and biosensing--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:8-24. [PMID: 21995909 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is an optical phenomena generated by light when it interacts with conductive nanoparticles (NPs) that are smaller than the incident wavelength. As in surface plasmon resonance, the electric field of incident light can be deposited to collectively excite electrons of a conduction band, with the result being coherent localized plasmon oscillations with a resonant frequency that strongly depends on the composition, size, geometry, dielectric environment and separation distance of NPs. This review serves to describe the physical theory of LSPR formation at the surface of nanostructures, and the potential for this optical technology to serve as a basis for the development bioassays and biosensing of high sensitivity. The benefits and challenges associated with various experimental designs of nanoparticles and detection systems, as well as creative approaches that have been developed to improve sensitivity and limits of detection are highlighted using examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petryayeva
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Tennant SM, Zhang Y, Galen JE, Geddes CD, Levine MM. Ultra-fast and sensitive detection of non-typhoidal Salmonella using microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence ("MAMEF"). PLoS One 2011; 6:e18700. [PMID: 21494634 PMCID: PMC3073000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica cause invasive disease (e.g., enteric fever, bacteremia, septicemia, meningitis, etc.) in humans and constitute a global public health problem. A rapid, sensitive diagnostic test is needed to allow prompt initiation of therapy in individual patients and for measuring disease burden at the population level. An innovative and promising new rapid diagnostic technique is microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence (MAMEF). We have adapted this assay platform to detect the chromosomal oriC locus common to all Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars. We have shown efficient lysis of biologically relevant concentrations of Salmonella spp. suspended in bacteriological media using microwave-induced lysis. Following lysis and DNA release, as little as 1 CFU of Salmonella in 1 ml of medium can be detected in <30 seconds. Furthermore the assay is sensitive and specific: it can detect oriC from Salmonella serovars Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, Paratyphi C, Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Choleraesuis but does not detect Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae or Acinetobacter baumanii. We have also performed preliminary experiments using a synthetic Salmonella oriC oligonucleotide suspended in whole human blood and observed rapid detection when the sample was diluted 1∶1 with PBS. These pre-clinical data encourage progress to the next step to detect Salmonella in blood (and other ordinarily sterile, clinically relevant body fluids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
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Ruan J, Wang K, Song H, Xu X, Ji J, Cui D. Biocompatibility of hydrophilic silica-coated CdTe quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:299. [PMID: 21711857 PMCID: PMC3211365 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles exhibit great application prospects in biomedical engineering. Herein, we reported the effects of hydrophilic silica-coated CdTe quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles (FMNPs) on human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and mice with the aim of investigating their biocompatibility. FMNPs with 150 nm in diameter were prepared, and characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectra and magnetometer. HEK293 cells were cultured with different doses of FMNPs (20, 50, and 100μ g/ml) for 1-4 days. Cell viability and adhesion ability were analyzed by CCK8 method and Western blotting. 30 mice were randomly divided into three groups, and were, respectively, injected via tail vein with 20, 60, and 100 μg FMNPs, and then were, respectively, raised for 1, 7, and 30 days, then their lifespan, important organs, and blood biochemical parameters were analyzed. Results show that the prepared water-soluble FMNPs had high fluorescent and magnetic properties, less than 50 μg/ml of FMNPs exhibited good biocompatibility to HEK293 cells, the cell viability, and adhesion ability were similar to the control HEK293 cells. FMNPs primarily accumulated in those organs such as lung, liver, and spleen. Lung exposed to FMNPs displayed a dose-dependent inflammatory response, blood biochemical parameters such as white blood cell count (WBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), displayed significant increase when the FMNPs were injected into mice at dose of 100μg. In conclusion, FMNPs exhibit good biocompatibility to cells under the dose of less than 50 μg/ml, and to mice under the dose of less than 2mg/kg body weight. The FMNPs' biocompatibility must be considered when FMNPs are used for in vivo diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ruan
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Kan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hua Song
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Aslan K, Grell TAJ. Rapid and sensitive detection of troponin I in human whole blood samples by using silver nanoparticle films and microwave heating. Clin Chem 2011; 57:746-52. [PMID: 21398602 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.159889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of mortality in developed countries. It is widely recognized that troponin I (TnI) can be used for the assessment of a myocardial infarction. METHODS We investigated the use of the microwave-accelerated and metal-enhanced fluorescence (MA-MEF), a technique based on the combined use of low-power microwave heating, silver nanoparticle films (SNFs), and fluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of TnI from human whole blood samples. SNFs were deposited onto amine-modified glass microscope slides by use of Tollen's reaction scheme and characterized by optical absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The detection of TnI from buffer solutions and human whole blood samples on SNFs was carried out by using fluorescence-based immunoassays at room temperature (control immunoassay, 2 h total assay time) or microwave heating (MA-MEF-based immunoassay, 1 min total assay time). RESULTS We found that the lower limits of detection for TnI from buffer solutions in the control immunoassay and MA-MEF-based immunoassay were 0.1 μg/L and 0.005 μg/L, respectively. However, we were unable to detect TnI in whole blood samples in the control immunoassays owing to the coagulation of whole blood within 5 min of the incubation step. The use of the MA-MEF technique allowed detection of TnI from whole blood samples in 1 min with a lower detection limit of 0.05 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS The MA-MEF-based immunoassay is one of the fastest reported quantitative detection methodos for detection of TnI in human whole blood and has low detection limits similar to those obtained with commercially available immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Aslan
- Department of Chemistry, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Gao G, Wu H, Zhang Y, Luo T, Feng L, Huang P, He M, Cui D. Synthesis of ultrasmall nucleotide-functionalized superparamagnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05371j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Grell TAJ, Paredes E, Das SR, Aslan K. Quantitative Comparison of Protein Surface Coverage on Glass Slides and Silver Island Films in Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence-based Biosensing Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2:165-170. [PMID: 21949593 DOI: 10.5101/nbe.v2i3.p165-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) phenomenon in fluorescence-based bioassays affords for increased sensitivity to be realized by incorporating metal nanoparticles onto planar surfaces. The close-range interactions of metal-fluorophores result in increased fluorescence emission from the bioassays, which in turn affords for the detection of target biomolecules at lower concentrations. Moreover, the use of silver nanoparticles increases the photostability of fluorophores improving the detectability of fluorescence emission under prolonged use of excitation light. Although numerous reports on MEF-based biosensing applications exist, the contribution of protein coverage on Silver Island Films (SIFs) on the increased fluorescence emission was never investigated. This work presents our findings on the quantitative comparison of protein surface coverage on SIFs and blank glass slides. In this regard, identical protein bioassay for a model protein (biotinylated bovine serum albumin, b-BSA) on these surfaces is constructed and the relative extent of protein surface coverage on SIFs and blank glass slides was determined using radio-labeled biomolecules. It was found that the total scintillation counts on SIFs and blank glass slides were similar for BSA concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 1 pM, which implies that increased fluorescence in MEF-based biosensing applications is only due to metal-fluorophore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsehai A J Grell
- Morgan State University, Department of Chemistry, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
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Addae SA, Pinard MA, Caglayan H, Cakmakyapan S, Caliskan D, Ozbay E, Aslan K. Rapid and Sensitive Colorimetric ELISA using Silver Nanoparticles, Microwaves and Split Ring Resonator Structures. NANO BIOMEDICINE AND ENGINEERING 2010; 2:155-164. [PMID: 20953346 PMCID: PMC2953801 DOI: 10.5101/nbe.v2i3.p155-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
We report a new approach to colorimetric Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) that reduces the total assay time to < 2 min and the lower-detection-limit by 100-fold based on absorbance readout. The new approach combines the use of silver nanoparticles, microwaves and split ring resonators (SRR). The SRR structure is comprised of a square frame of copper thin film (30 µm thick, 1 mm wide, overall length of ~9.4 mm on each side) with a single split on one side, which was deposited onto a circuit board (2×2 cm(2)). A single micro-cuvette (10 µl volume capacity) was placed in the split of the SRR structures. Theoretical simulations predict that electric fields are focused in and above the micro-cuvette without the accumulation of electrical charge that breaks down the copper film. Subsequently, the walls and the bottom of the micro-cuvette were coated with silver nanoparticles using a modified Tollen's reaction scheme. The silver nanoparticles served as a mediator for the creation of thermal gradient between the bioassay medium and the silver surface, where the bioassay is constructed. Upon exposure to low power microwave heating, the bioassay medium in the micro-cuvette was rapidly and uniformly heated by the focused electric fields. In addition, the creation of thermal gradient resulted in the rapid assembly of the proteins on the surface of silver nanoparticles without denaturing the proteins. The proof-of-principle of the new approach to ELISA was demonstrated for the detection of a model protein (biotinylated-bovine serum albumin, b-BSA). In this regard, the detection of b-BSA with bulk concentrations (1 µM to 1 pM) was carried out on commercially available 96-well high throughput screening (HTS) plates and silver nanoparticle-deposited SRR structures at room temperature and with microwave heating, respectively. While the room temperature bioassay (without microwave heating) took 70 min to complete, the identical bioassay took < 2 min to complete using the SRR structures (with microwave heating). A lower detection limit of 0.01 nM for b-BSA (100-fold lower than room temperature ELISA) was observed using the SRR structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Addae
- Morgan State University, Department of Chemistry, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Melissa A. Pinard
- Morgan State University, Department of Chemistry, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Humeyra Caglayan
- Bilkent University, Nanotechnology Research Center, Ankara, 06680, TURKEY
| | - Semih Cakmakyapan
- Bilkent University, Nanotechnology Research Center, Ankara, 06680, TURKEY
| | - Deniz Caliskan
- Bilkent University, Nanotechnology Research Center, Ankara, 06680, TURKEY
| | - Ekmel Ozbay
- Bilkent University, Nanotechnology Research Center, Ankara, 06680, TURKEY
| | - Kadir Aslan
- Morgan State University, Department of Chemistry, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
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