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Shi M, Yang J, Liu Y, Zhao H, Li M, Yang D, Xie Q. Huanglian Wendan Decoction Improves Insomnia in Rats by Regulating BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathway Through Gut Microbiota-Mediated SCFAs and Affecting Microglia Polarization. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04330-1. [PMID: 38954253 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Insomnia is a typical type of sleep disorder. Huanglian Wendan Decoction (HWD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with the effects of regulating Qi, drying dampness and resolving phlegm, calming the mind, and relieving irritation. This study aims to investigate the effect of HWD on insomnia in rats and its mechanism. Para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced insomnia in rats was used for in vivo experiments and then treated with HWD. Behavioral tests, Western blot, real-time PCR, immunofluorescent staining, 16S rRNA sequencing were conducted. The content of SCFAs was determined by GC-MS. Acetic acid-pretreated rat hippocampal nerve cells were used for in vitro experiments. The results showed that HWD significantly improved the learning memory ability, decreased sleep latency, and prolonged sleep duration in insomniac rats. HWD reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels and increased IL-10 and Foxp3 levels. HWD also promoted the polarization of macrophages from M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype to M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. In addition, HWD increased the expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus. Administration of the TrkB receptor agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) confirmed the mechanism by which HWD activates BDNF/TrkB signaling to ameliorate insomnia. Furthermore, HWD restored gut microbiota richness and diversity and promoted short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in insomniac rats. In vitro experiments confirmed that the acetic acid-treated SCFA group could activate the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in neuronal cells, further promoting neuronal cell growth. In conclusion, HWD alleviated insomnia by maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis, promoting SCFA production, reducing neuroinflammatory response and microglia activation, and activating BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Chengdu Eighth People's Hospital (Geriatric Hospital of Chengdu Medical College), Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongdong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Quan Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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Zhang CQ, Zhang XD, Wang Y, Liu YH, Zhang CL, Zhang Q. Sleep promoting and omics exploration on probiotics fermented Gastrodia elata Blume. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:33. [PMID: 38890318 PMCID: PMC11189394 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fermenting Chinese medicinal herbs could enhance their bioactivities. We hypothesized probiotic-fermented gastrodia elata Blume (GE) with better potential to alleviate insomnia than that of unfermented, thus the changes in chemical composition and the insomnia-alleviating effects and mechanisms of fermented GE on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced insomnia zebrafish were explored via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectroscopy-coupled HPLC (HPLC-MS), phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomics analysis. The results demonstrated that probiotic fermented GE performed better than unfermented GE in increasing the content of chemical composition, reducing the displacement, average speed, and number of apoptotic cells in zebrafish with insomnia. Metabolomic investigation showed that the anti-insomnia effect was related to regulating the pathways of actin cytoskeleton and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions. Transcriptomic and reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that secondary fermentation liquid (SFL) significantly modulated the expression levels of neurod1, msh2, msh3, recql4, ercc5, rad5lc, and rev3l, which are mainly involved in neuron differentiation and DNA repair. Collectively, as a functional food, fermented GE possessed potential for insomnia alleviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qi Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yi-Han Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Cun-Li Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Edible Plant Enzyme R&D and Monitoring, Shaanxi Wuding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hanzhong, 724400, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Edible Plant Enzyme R&D and Monitoring, Shaanxi Wuding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hanzhong, 724400, China.
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Sheethal S, Ratheesh M, Jose SP, Sandya S, Samuel S, Madhavan J. Anti-insomnia Effect of a Polyherbal Formulation on P-chlorophenyalanine Induced Experimental Animal Model. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:327-337. [PMID: 37768468 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a dynamic and controlled set of physiological and behavioural practices during which the stabilisation and restoration processes of the body take place properly. Therefore, sleep disorders, especially chronic insomnia, can harm an individual's physical and mental health. However, the therapeutic alternatives are limited and possess severe side effects. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-insomnia effect of a polyherbal formulation (Sleep) (SLP) on p-chlorophenyalanine (PCPA) induced insomnia in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of PCPA induced the experimental condition, and the therapeutic effect of SLP was evaluated by studying the sleep pattern and expression of various neurotransmitters and receptors, along with neurotrophins. Moreover, insomnia-associated oxidative stress and inflammation were also studied. From the findings, we found that the SLP-supplemented animals improved their sleeping behaviour and that the major neurotransmitters, hormones, and receptors were maintained at an equilibrium level. Furthermore, the neurotrophin level was increased and pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced. The evaluation of oxidative stress markers shows that the antioxidants were significantly boosted, and as a result, lipid peroxidation was prevented. The overall findings suggest that SLP can be used as an effective medication for the treatment of sleep disorders like insomnia as it triggers the major neurotransmitter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sheethal
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai, Kottayam, Kerala, 686574, India
| | - M Ratheesh
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai, Kottayam, Kerala, 686574, India.
| | - Svenia P Jose
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Palai, Kottayam, Kerala, 686574, India
| | - S Sandya
- -Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarala Samuel
- -Research and Development, Kerala Ayurveda Ltd, Athani, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
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Can A, Tuzer OC. The evaluation of melatonin levels in chronic spontaneous urticaria: A case control study. Allergy Asthma Proc 2023; 44:e29-e35. [PMID: 37714684 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2023.44.230044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Although sleep disturbance is known to be common in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), sleep hormone levels in the blood have never before been studied in CSU. Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the serum melatonin levels in patients with CSU. Methods: For the patient group, 80 patients with recently diagnosed CSU, and, for the control group, 75 healthy controls (HC) were included. The study participants' melatonin levels were measured by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. CSU disease activity was evaluated by using the urticaria activity score-7 (UAS-7), and the quality of life was assessed with the chronic urticaria quality of life questionnaire (CU-Q2oL). The patients with concomitant diseases likely to affect the melatonin levels or those using related medications were excluded from the study. Results: The patient group consisted of 53 female subjects (67%); the median (interquartile range) age was 34 years (27-43 years). The levels of melatonin were lower in the patients with CSU when compared with the HCs (p < 0.03). The melatonin levels had no significant relationship between UAS-7 and the total scores in CU-Q2oL (p > 0.05). However, a significant negative correlation in the melatonin levels was observed with questions 7 (overall sleep assessment) and 11 (difficulty in falling into sleep) in the CU-Q2oL (r = -0.55 [p < 0.001] and r = -0.62 [p < 0.001], respectively). Conclusion: The presence of low melatonin levels in the patients with CSU suggests that melatonin has a key regulatory role in the CSU development in addition to the deterioration in sleep quality. A new treatment strategy to increase the melatonin levels in CSU may be pursued in further studies to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Can
- From the Division of Immunology and Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey, and
| | - Ozdemir Can Tuzer
- Division of Immunology and Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Batman Training and Research Hospital, Batman, Turkey
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Bešlić I, Lugović-Mihić L, Vrtarić A, Bešlić A, Škrinjar I, Hanžek M, Crnković D, Artuković M. Melatonin in Dermatologic Allergic Diseases and Other Skin Conditions: Current Trends and Reports. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044039. [PMID: 36835450 PMCID: PMC9967801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is the main hormone that regulates the sleep cycle, and it is mostly produced by the pineal gland from the amino acid tryptophan. It has cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Melatonin is also one of the most powerful natural antioxidants, directly acting on free radicals and the intracellular antioxidant enzyme system. Furthermore, it participates in antitumor activity, hypopigmentation processes in hyperpigmentary disorders, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating activity in inflammatory dermatoses, maintaining the integrity of the epidermal barrier and thermoregulation of the body. Due predominantly to its positive influence on sleep, melatonin can be used in the treatment of sleep disturbances for those with chronic allergic diseases accompanied by intensive itching (such as atopic dermatitis and chronic spontaneous urticaria). According to the literature data, there are also many proven uses for melatonin in photoprotection and skin aging (due to melatonin's antioxidant effects and role in preventing damage due to DNA repair mechanisms), hyperpigmentary disorders (e.g., melasma) and scalp diseases (such as androgenic alopecia and telogen effluvium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bešlić
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Liborija Lugović-Mihić
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alen Vrtarić
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ante Bešlić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Škrinjar
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milena Hanžek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijel Crnković
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marinko Artuković
- Department of Polemology, Special Hospital for Pulmonary Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Ureña-Paniego C, Montero-Vílchez T, Sanabria-de-la-Torre R, Soto-Moreno A, Molina-Leyva A, Arias-Santiago S. Improvement of Sexual Function and Sleep Quality in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Treated with Dupilumab: A Single-Centre Prospective Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1918. [PMID: 36767285 PMCID: PMC9914896 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease presenting as xerosis, eczema and intense pruritus. These symptoms negatively impact patients' quality of life. However, the effect of AD on sexual function and sleep quality and how treatment with dupilumab could modify them have not been explored in depth. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of dupilumab on sexual and sleep quality in patients with AD. For that purpose, an observational prospective study was designed. Patients were evaluated at baseline and after 16 weeks of dupilumab treatment. Disease severity was assessed by Eczema Area and Severity (EASI) and SCORing Atopic Dermatitis index (SCORAD). Sexual function was evaluated using validated questionnaires, for men via the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction 5 (IIEF-5) and for women via the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Sleep impairment was recorded through Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Thirty-two patients, with a mean age of 30.53 ± 14.48 years old, were included. Regarding sex, 59.8% (20) were female. Most patients had a severe disease reflected in a mean basal EASI of 23.24 ± 6.74 and a SCORAD of 54.07 ± 13.89. Clinical scores improved after dupilumab treatment. At baseline, 47.37% women presented sexual dysfunction and 66.67% men had erectile dysfunction. FSFI improved from 23.51 to 27.93 points (p = 0.008) after dupilumab. Desire, arousal, satisfaction and pain were the components with great improvement. Women with a great improvement in FSFI showed greater clinical results and increased quality of life. At first, 96.9% (31/32) of participants presented with poor sleep quality. After treatment with dupilumab, sleep quality was enhanced and PSQI scores decreased from 12.8 points at baseline to 7.73 points (p < 0.001). In conclusion, dupilumab is associated with reduced sexual dysfunction, mainly in women, and sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ureña-Paniego
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Trinidad Montero-Vílchez
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Soto-Moreno
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Molina-Leyva
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Andalusian Network, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Krajewski PK, Szepietowski JC. Ruxolitinib cream for the short-term treatment of mild-moderate atopic dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 19:349-356. [PMID: 36542765 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2161511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, recurrent, itchy inflammatory skin disease with a vast influence on a patient's quality of life (QoL). Mild-moderate AD was classically managed with the use of topical corticosteroid (TCS) and calcineurin inhibitors (TCI). It was proven that the JAK pathway plays an important role in the development of AD. The introduction of topical JAK inhibitors may revolutionize the classical approach to the management of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. AREAS COVERED This review discussed the role of the JAK pathway in the development and exacerbations of AD with an emphasis on the newly introduced, topical selective JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor - Ruxolitinib (RUX) cream. It provides an extensive review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of RUX cream in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Results from phase II and two phase III clinical trials have shown that RUX cream could be a promising topical treatment of mild-moderate AD. Its favorable safety profile and good efficacy make RUX cream a beneficial modality for patients with chronic TCSs and TCIs use. Future studies on younger patients and with a longer observational period are necessary to adequately assess the efficacy and safety of RUX cream in the whole AD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K Krajewski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego Street 1, Wrocław 50-368, Poland
| | - Jacek C Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego Street 1, Wrocław 50-368, Poland
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Wang W, Wang Y, Guo Q, Li H, Wang Z, Li J, Li T, Tang T, Wang Y, Jia Y, Wang Y, Zou J, Shi Y, Guo D, Yang M, Zhang X, Sun J. Valerian essential oil for treating insomnia via the serotonergic synapse pathway. Front Nutr 2022; 9:927434. [PMID: 35990355 PMCID: PMC9387164 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.927434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Valerian volatile oil can be used in the treatment of insomnia; however, the active components and mechanisms of action are currently unclear. Therefore, we used transcriptome sequencing and weight coefficient network pharmacology to predict the effective components and mechanism of action of valerian volatile oil in an insomnia model induced by intraperitoneal injection of para-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in SD rats. Valerian essential oil was given orally for treatment and the contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1 A (5-HT1AR), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and protein kinase A (PKA) in the hippocampus of rats in each group were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that after treatment with valerian essential oil, insomnia rats showed significantly prolonged sleep duration and alleviated insomnia-induced tension and anxiety. Regarding the mechanism of action, we believe that caryophyllene in valerian essential oil upregulates the 5-HT1AR receptor to improve the activity or affinity of the central transmitter 5-HT, increase the release of 5-HT, couple 5-HT with a G protein coupled receptor, convert adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cAMP (catalyzed by ADCY5), and then directly regulate the downstream pathway. Following pathway activation, we propose that the core gene protein kinase PKA activates the serotonergic synapse signal pathway to increase the expression of 5-HT and GABA, thus improving insomnia symptoms and alleviating anxiety. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of valerian volatile oil in health food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yichun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Qiuting Guo
- Xianyang Vocational Technical College, College of Pharmacy, Xianyang, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Wang
- Shaanxi Haitian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xianyang, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Tiantian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yanzhuo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Junbo Zou
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Dongyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Xianyang Vocational Technical College, College of Pharmacy, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
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