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Malla WA, Arora R, Khan RIN, Mahajan S, Tiwari AK. Apoptin as a Tumor-Specific Therapeutic Agent: Current Perspective on Mechanism of Action and Delivery Systems. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:524. [PMID: 32671070 PMCID: PMC7330108 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide in humans and animals. Conventional treatment regimens often fail to produce the desired outcome due to disturbances in cell physiology that arise during the process of transformation. Additionally, development of treatment regimens with no or minimum side-effects is one of the thrust areas of modern cancer research. Oncolytic viral gene therapy employs certain viral genes which on ectopic expression find and selectively destroy malignant cells, thereby achieving tumor cell death without harming the normal cells in the neighborhood. Apoptin, encoded by Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus' VP3 gene, is a proline-rich protein capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells in a selective manner. In normal cells, the filamentous Apoptin becomes aggregated toward the cell margins, but is eventually degraded by proteasomes without harming the cells. In malignant cells, after activation by phosphorylation by a cancer cell-specific kinase whose identity is disputed, Apoptin accumulates in the nucleus, undergoes aggregation to form multimers, and prevents the dividing cancer cells from repairing their DNA lesions, thereby forcing them to undergo apoptosis. In this review, we discuss the present knowledge about the structure of Apoptin protein, elaborate on its mechanism of action, and summarize various strategies that have been used to deliver it as an anticancer drug in various cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Akram Malla
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Richa Arora
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Raja Ishaq Nabi Khan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Biological Standardisation, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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Cancer Treatment Goes Viral: Using Viral Proteins to Induce Tumour-Specific Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121975. [PMID: 31817939 PMCID: PMC6966515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a tightly regulated process which can be exploited in cancer treatment to drive the killing of the tumour. Several conventional cancer therapies including chemotherapeutic agents target pathways involved in cell death, yet they often fail due to the lack of selectivity they have for tumour cells over healthy cells. Over the past decade, research has demonstrated the existence of numerous proteins which have an intrinsic tumour-specific toxicity, several of which originate from viruses. These tumour-selective viral proteins, although from distinct backgrounds, have several similar and interesting properties. Though the mechanism(s) of action of these proteins are not fully understood, it is possible that they can manipulate several cell death modes in cancer exemplifying the intricate interplay between these pathways. This review will discuss our current knowledge on the topic and outstanding questions, as well as deliberate the potential for viral proteins to progress into the clinic as successful cancer therapeutics.
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Yang H, Zhang QX, Pei DS, Xu F, Li Y, Yu RT. FK506-binding protein 5 inhibits proliferation and stimulates apoptosis of glioma cells. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:1074-80. [PMID: 26528353 PMCID: PMC4624752 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.54864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5) is reported to act as a scaffolding protein for Akt to promote the dephosphorylation of AKT Ser473 and suppress pancreatic cancer growth. However, other studies have shown that FKBP5 promotes tumor growth and chemoresistance through regulating NF-κB signaling in other cancers. In this study, we attempted to investigate the role and mechanism of action of FKBP5 in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS The glioma U251 cell line was used as the model. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by annexin-V staining. Protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS FKBP5 overexpression inhibited the proliferation of U251 cells significantly (p < 0.05), and promoted the apoptosis of U251 cells significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, FKBP5 overexpression inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser743, decreased the level of Bcl-2, increased the level of Bax, and enhanced the cleavage of caspase-9 and caspase-3 (p < 0.05 compared to control). In contrast, FKBP5 knockdown enhanced the proliferation of U251 cells, increased the phosphorylation of Akt significantly (p < 0.05), increased the expression of Bcl-2 and decreased the expression of Bax, and decreased the cleavage of caspase-9 and caspase-3 significantly (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS FKBP5 plays the role of a tumor suppressor in glioma by inhibiting the activation of Akt and stimulating the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and could be used as a new target for gene therapy of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qing-Xiu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Pei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ru-Tong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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Gupta SK, Gandham RK, Sahoo AP, Tiwari AK. Viral genes as oncolytic agents for cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1073-94. [PMID: 25408521 PMCID: PMC11113997 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses have the ability to modulate the apoptosis, and to accomplish it; viruses encode proteins which specifically interact with the cellular signaling pathways. While some viruses encode proteins, which inhibit the apoptosis or death of the infected cells, there are viruses whose encoded proteins can kill the infected cells by multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis. A particular class of these viruses has specific gene(s) in their genomes which, upon ectopic expression, can kill the tumor cells selectively without affecting the normal cells. These genes and their encoded products have demonstrated great potential to be developed as novel anticancer therapeutic agents which can specifically target and kill the cancer cells leaving the normal cells unharmed. In this review, we will discuss about the viral genes having specific cancer cell killing properties, what is known about their functioning, signaling pathways and their therapeutic applications as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - A. P. Sahoo
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - A. K. Tiwari
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
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Kochneva G, Zonov E, Grazhdantseva A, Yunusova A, Sibolobova G, Popov E, Taranov O, Netesov S, Chumakov P, Ryabchikova E. Apoptin enhances the oncolytic properties of vaccinia virus and modifies mechanisms of tumor regression. Oncotarget 2014; 5:11269-82. [PMID: 25358248 PMCID: PMC4294355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant vaccinia virus VVdGF-ApoS24/2 expressing apoptin selectively kills human cancer cells in vitro [Kochneva et al., 2013]. We compared the oncolytic activity of this recombinant with that of the parental strain L-IVP using a model of human A431 carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Single intratumoral injections (2×10^7 PFU/mouse) of the viruses produced a dramatic decrease in tumor volumes, which was higher after injection of apoptin-producing virus. The tumor dried out after the injection of recombinant while injection of L-IVP strain resulted in formation of cavities filled with cell debris and liquid. Both viruses rapidly spread in xenografts and replicate exclusively in tumor cells causing their destruction within 8 days. Both viruses induced insignificant level of apoptosis in tumors. Unlike the previously described nuclear localization of apoptin in cancer cells the apoptin produced by recombinant virus was localized to the cytoplasm. The apoptin did not induce a typical apoptosis, but it rather influenced pathway of cell death and thereby caused tumor shrinkage. The replacement of destroyed cells by filamentous material is the main feature of tumor regression caused by the VVdGF-ApoS24/2 virus. The study points the presence of complicated mechanisms of apoptin effects at the background of vaccinia virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Kochneva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Zonov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Anastasiya Yunusova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina Sibolobova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Popov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Oleg Taranov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Sergei Netesov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Peter Chumakov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow
| | - Elena Ryabchikova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Yang G, Meng X, Sun L, Hu N, Jiang S, Sheng Y, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Chen D, Li X, Jin N. Antitumor effects of a dual cancer-specific oncolytic adenovirus on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo.. Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:327-334. [PMID: 25574193 PMCID: PMC4280958 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and specificity of treatment are major challenges for cancer gene therapy. Oncolytic virotherapy is an attractive drug delivery platform for cancer gene therapy. In the present study, the dual-specific antitumor oncolytic adenovirus, Ad-Apoptin-hTERT-E1a, was used to infect SW1116 human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cell lines and CT26 mouse-CRC-cell bearing BALB/c mouse models for testing antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro assays revealed that infection with Ad-Apoptin-hTERT-E1a induced a significant cytotoxic effect on the CRC cell line, SW1116; however, the normal human cell line, GES, was only slightly inhibited by the recombinant adenovirus. Acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining and an annexin V assay indicated that infection of SW1116 cells with Ad-Apoptin-hTERT-E1a resulted in a significant induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, western blotting and flow cytometry revealed a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase 3, 6 and 7 in Ad-Apoptin-hTERT-E1a-infected SW1116 cells. In the animal models, Ad-Apoptin-hTERT-E1a was shown to significantly inhibit tumor growth and extend the survival times of the animals. Therefore, the experimental results indicated that Ad-Apoptin-hTERT-E1a has potential for application in tumor gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China ; Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China ; Jilin Province Qianwei Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130031, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwei Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lili Sun
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin Province Tumor Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130001, P.R. China
| | - Ningning Hu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Sheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhifei Chen
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dexing Chen
- Jilin Province Qianwei Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130031, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Rollano Peñaloza OM, Lewandowska M, Stetefeld J, Ossysek K, Madej M, Bereta J, Sobczak M, Shojaei S, Ghavami S, Łos MJ. Apoptins: selective anticancer agents. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:519-28. [PMID: 25164066 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that selectively target cancer cells for death have been the center of intense research recently. One potential therapy may involve apoptin proteins, which are able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells leaving normal cells unharmed. Apoptin was originally discovered in the Chicken anemia virus (CAV); however, human gyroviruses (HGyV) have recently been found that also harbor apoptin-like proteins. Although the cancer cell specific activity of these apoptins appears to be well conserved, the precise functions and mechanisms of action are yet to be fully elucidated. Strategies for both delivering apoptin to treat tumors and disseminating the protein inside the tumor body are now being developed, and have shown promise in preclinical animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M Rollano Peñaloza
- Department Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medical Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Biotecnologia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Joerg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Karolina Ossysek
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sobczak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medical Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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