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Saeinasab M, Atlasi Y, M Matin M. Functional role of lncRNAs in gastrointestinal malignancies: the peculiar case of small nucleolar RNA host gene family. FEBS J 2024; 291:1353-1385. [PMID: 36282516 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in normal physiology and are often de-regulated in disease states such as cancer. Recently, a class of lncRNAs referred to as the small nucleolar RNA host gene (SNHG) family have emerged as important players in tumourigenesis. Here, we discuss new findings describing the role of SNHGs in gastrointestinal tumours and summarize the three main functions by which these lncRNAs promote carcinogenesis, namely: competing with endogenous RNAs, modulating protein function, and regulating epigenetic marking. Furthermore, we discuss how SNHGs participate in different hallmarks of cancer, and how this class of lncRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Saeinasab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yaser Atlasi
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Maryam M Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Zeng H, Zhou S, Cai W, Kang M, Zhang P. LncRNA SNHG1: role in tumorigenesis of multiple human cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:198. [PMID: 37684619 PMCID: PMC10492323 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) is an important member of the SNHG family. This family is composed of a group of host genes that can be processed into small nucleolar RNAs and play important biological functions. In an oncogenic role, the SNHG1 expression is increased in various cancers, which has immense application prospects in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of malignant tumors. In this review, we have summarized the role and molecular mechanism of SNHG1 in the development of various cancers. In addition, we have emphasized the clinical significance of SNHG1 in cancers in our article. This molecule is expected to be a new marker for potential usage in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shouang Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Kang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Gulou, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Gulou, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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Davoodvandi A, Rafiyan M, Asemi Z, Matini SA. An epigenetic modulator with promising therapeutic impacts against gastrointestinal cancers: A mechanistic review on microRNA-195. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154680. [PMID: 37467635 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high prevalence, gastrointestinal cancers are one of the key causes of cancer-related death globally. The development of drug-resistant cancer cell populations is a major factor in the high mortality rate, and it affects about half of all cancer patients. Because of advances in our understanding of cancer molecular biology, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as critical factors in the initiation and development of gastrointestinal cancers. Gene expression can be controlled in several ways by ncRNAs, including through epigenetic changes, interactions between microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and proteins, and the function of lncRNAs as miRNA precursors or pseudogenes. As lncRNAs may be detected in the blood, circulating ncRNAs have emerged as a promising new class of non-invasive cancer biomarkers for use in the detection, staging, and prognosis of gastrointestinal cancers, as well as in the prediction of therapy efficacy. In this review, we assessed the role lncRNAs play in the progression, and maintenance of colorectal cancer, and how they might be used as therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Davoodvandi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran.
| | - Mahdi Rafiyan
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran.
| | - Seyed Amirhassan Matini
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran.
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Zheng M, Han R, Yuan W, Chi H, Zhang Y, Sun K, Zhong J, Liu X, Yang X. Circulating exosomal lncRNAs in patients with chronic coronary syndromes. Arch Med Sci 2023; 19:46-56. [PMID: 36817662 PMCID: PMC9897088 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/128014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The concept of chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) was first presented at the European Society of Cardiology Meeting in 2019. However, the roles of exosomal lncRNAs in CCS remain largely unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS A case-control study was performed with a total of 218 participants (137 males and 81 females), including 15 CCS patients and 15 controls for sequencing profiles, 20 CCS patients and 20 controls for the first validation, and 100 CCS patients and 48 controls for the second validation. Exosomes were isolated from the plasma of CCS patients and controls, and exosomal lncRNAs were identified by sequencing profiles and verified twice by qRT-PCR analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of exosomal lncRNAs for CCS patients. RESULTS A total of 152 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs with over two-fold changes were detected in plasma exosomes of CCS patients, including 90 upregulated and 62 downregulated lncRNAs. Importantly, 6 upregulated lncRNAs with the top fold changes were selected for validations. Exosomal lncRNAs ENST00000424615.2 and ENST00000560769.1 were significantly elevated in CCS patients in both validations compared with controls. The areas under the ROC of lncRNAs ENST00000424615.2 and ENST00000560769.1 were 0.654 and 0.722, respectively. Additionally, exosomal lncRNA ENST00000560769.1 was significantly higher in the CCS patients with more diseased vessels (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Exosomal lncRNA ENST00000424615.2 and ENST00000560769.1 were identified as novel diagnosis biomarkers for patients with CCS. Moreover, exosomal lncRNA ENST00000560769.1 was significantly higher in the CCS patients with more diseased vessels, and might be associated with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Zheng
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijuan Han
- Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Chi
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yeping Zhang
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Radiology, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiuchang Zhong
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Heart Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Mu W, Guo L, Liu Y, Yang H, Ning S, Lv G. Long Noncoding RNA SNHG1 Regulates LMNB2 Expression by Sponging miR-326 and Promotes Cancer Growth in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:784067. [PMID: 34917510 PMCID: PMC8670182 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.784067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study is to explore the potential competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network and investigate the molecular mechanism of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. METHODS By analyzing the data of HCC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we included differentially expressed lncRNA and microRNA (miRNA) profiles and constructed ceRNA networks related to the prognosis of HCC patients. qRT-PCR, Western blotting, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), transwell assay, and the nude mouse model were employed to test the effects of SNHG1 and LMNB2 on tumor proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In the study, we identified 115 messenger RNAs (mRNAs), 12 lncRNAs, and 37 miRNAs by intersecting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TCGA and StarBase databases. Then, SNHG1-miR-326-LMNB2 pathway came into notice after further survival analysis and hub gene screening. Our results showed that SNHG1 expression was upregulated significantly in HCC tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of both LMNB2, the target of miR-326 in HCC, and SNHG1 inhibited tumor proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, SNHG1 could regulate LMNB2 expression through binding to miR-326 in HCC cell lines. CONCLUSION SNHG1 is a promising prognostic factor in HCC, and the SNHG1-miR-326-LMNB2 axis may be a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Mu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lingyu Guo
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Tai'an, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shanglei Ning
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Yu C, Liang Y, Jin Y, Li Q. LncRNA GAS5 enhances radiosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma and restricts tumor growth and metastasis by miR-144-5p/ATF2. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:10896-10907. [PMID: 34650771 PMCID: PMC8506991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the biologic role of growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) in radiosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS The levels of GAS5, miR-144-5p, and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) were quantified in HCC tissues and cell lines. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down assays were used to test the interaction between GAS5 and miR-144-5p. The regulatory relationship between miR-144-5p and ATF2 was identified by the dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assay. A nude mouse model of HCC was induced to verify the effect of GAS5 on radiosensitivity of HCC in vivo. RESULTS Lower levels of GAS5 and ATF2, and higher levels of miR-144-5p, were found in radiation-resistant human HCC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of ATF2 or GAS5 enhanced the radiosensitivity of HCC cell lines, while knockdown of ATF2 or GAS5 decreased the radiosensitivity. In addition, GAS5 acted as a miR-144-5p sponge, and miR-144-5p inversely regulated ATF2. Also, GAS5 mediated ATF2 levels through miR-144-5p, and increased the radiosensitivity of HCC by suppressing miR-144-5p both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Overexpression of GAS5 upregulates ATF2 through miR-144-5p and is able to enhance the radiosensitivity of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyun Yu
- Oncology Radiotherapy Center, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyang 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Oncology Radiotherapy Center, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyang 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Yiqiang Jin
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyang 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Qinghuan Li
- Oncology Radiotherapy Center, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyang 441021, Hubei, China
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Gao F, Yan S, Sun Z, Wang J. Muscone suppresses gastric cancer via regulation of miRNA-145. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4711-4721. [PMID: 34531985 PMCID: PMC8441313 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effects and mechanism of action of muscone on the biological activity of the gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 and MGC-803 (proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration) in vitro. An optimal muscone concentration was determined using MTT and cell apoptosis tests. The SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells were divided into five groups: normal control, muscone, miRNA, muscone + miRNA, and muscone + miRNA inhibitor. Cell proliferation rate, apoptosis rate, cell cycle phase distribution, number of invading cells, and wound healing rate were compared among the five groups using MTT, flow cytometry, transwell, and wound healing assays. Relative expression levels of the proteins PI3K, AKT, P21, c-Myc, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were measured by Western blot. Compared with the control group, the groups treated with muscone and miRNA showed significantly lower cell proliferation rate, number of invading cells, and wound healing rate (p < .05 for all), but significantly higher rates of cell apoptosis rate and numbers of cells in the G1 phase (p < .05 for all). These groups also showed significantly lower expression of the proteins PI3K, AKT, c-Myc, MMP-2, and MMP-9 but significantly increased expression of the protein P21 (p < .05). Transfecting muscone-treated SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells with miRNA-145 inhibitor resulted in a significant recovery of biological activity (p < .05). Muscone suppresses the biological activity of SGC-7901 and MGC-803 gastric cancer cells in vitro via regulation of miRNA-145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryJiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Shihai Yan
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryJiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryJiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryJiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
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Meng F, Liu J, Lu T, Zang L, Wang J, He Q, Zhou A. SNHG1 knockdown upregulates miR-376a and downregulates FOXK1/Snail axis to prevent tumor growth and metastasis in HCC. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 21:264-277. [PMID: 34095464 PMCID: PMC8143978 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), and genes are emerging players in cancer progression. In the present study, we explored the roles and interactions of oncogenic lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1), miR-376, forkhead box protein K1 (FOXK1), and Snail in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Expression of SNHG1, miR-376, and FOXK1 in HCC was characterized in clinical HCC tissues of 75 patients with HCC. The interactions between SNHG1 and miR-376 and between miR-376 and FOXK1 were predicted and confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Overexpression and knockdown experiments were performed in HCC cells to examine the effects of the SNHG1/miR-376/FOXK1/Snail axis on viability, apoptosis, invasiveness, and migrating abilities. Their effects on tumor growth and metastasis were validated in nude mouse models. SNHG1 and FOXK1 were upregulated, and miR-376a was downregulated in HCC. SNHG1 knockdown contributed to suppression of HCC cell viability, invasion, and migration properties and promotion of apoptosis. SNHG1 could competitively bind to miR-376a to upregulate its target gene FOXK1, which upregulated Snail. SNHG1 knockdown delayed cancer progression both in vitro and in vivo by upregulating miR-376a and downregulating FOXK1 and Snail. SNHG1 knockdown exerts anti-tumor activity in HCC, suggesting a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanzhi Meng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, P.R. China.,Prof. Dr. Cai's Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, P.R. China.,Prof. Dr. Cai's Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Lu
- Shandong Coal Linyi Hot Spring Sanatorium, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Zang
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, P.R. China.,Prof. Dr. Cai's Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
| | - Aijin Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
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Xu J, Yang R, Hua X, Huang M, Tian Z, Li J, Lam HY, Jiang G, Cohen M, Huang C. lncRNA SNHG1 Promotes Basal Bladder Cancer Invasion via Interaction with PP2A Catalytic Subunit and Induction of Autophagy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:354-366. [PMID: 32650234 PMCID: PMC7340968 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although basal muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs) are predominant, are more aggressive, and have bad prognoses, molecular mechanisms underlying how basal MIBC formation/progression have been barely explored. In the present study, SNHG1, a long non-coding RNA, was shown to be expressed at higher levels in basal MIBC cells than in other types of bladder BC cells, and its presence could promote basal MIBC cell invasion. The results revealed that SNHG1 specifically induced MMP2 expression via increasing its transcription and mRNA stability. In one mechanism, SNHG1 directly bound with PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2A-c) to inhibit interactions of PP2A-c with c-Jun and then promoted c-Jun phosphorylation that, in turn, mediated MMP2 transcription. In another mechanism, SNHG1 markedly induced autophagy in the cells via induction of increases in the abundance of autophagy-related proteins. The latter initiated autophagy and further abolished miR-34a stability, which reduced overall miR-34a binding directly to the 3' UTR of MMP2 mRNA, thereby promoting MMP2 mRNA stabilization. These results provided novel insight into understanding the specific functions of SNHG1 in basal MIBC. Such findings may ultimately prove highly significant for the design/synthesis of new SNHG1-based compounds for the treatment of basal MIBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiheng Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Xiaohui Hua
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Maowen Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Zhongxian Tian
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Jingxia Li
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Hoi Yun Lam
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Guosong Jiang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Mitchell Cohen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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