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Tsuchiya A, Natsui K, Ishii Y, Koseki Y, Takeda N, Tomiyoshi K, Yamazaki F, Yoshida Y, Terai S. Small extracellular vesicles and liver diseases: From diagnosis to therapy. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1307-1318. [PMID: 36158910 PMCID: PMC9376785 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i7.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially small EVs (sEVs) derived from liver cells, have been the focus of much attention in the normal physiology and pathogenesis of various diseases affecting the liver. sEVs are approximately 100 nm in size, enclosed within lipid bilayers, and are very stable. The lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including miRNAs, contained within these vesicles are known to play important roles in intercellular communication. This mini-review summarizes the application of sEVs. First, liver diseases and the related diagnostic markers are described, and the current active status of miRNA research in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is reported. Second, the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of sEVs are described, and the liver is highlighted as the organ with the highest accumulation of sEVs. Third, the relationship between sEVs and the pathogenesis of liver disorders is described with emphesis on the current active status of miRNA research in HCC recurrence and survival. Finally, the possibility of future therapy using sEVs from mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells for cirrhosis and other diseases is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuki Natsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yui Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yohei Koseki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Tomiyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Fusako Yamazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Kostallari E, Valainathan S, Biquard L, Shah VH, Rautou PE. Role of extracellular vesicles in liver diseases and their therapeutic potential. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113816. [PMID: 34087329 PMCID: PMC10798367 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than eight hundred million people worldwide have chronic liver disease, with two million deaths per year. Recurring liver injury results in fibrogenesis, progressing towards cirrhosis, for which there doesn't exists any cure except liver transplantation. Better understanding of the mechanisms leading to cirrhosis and its complications is needed to develop effective therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells and are important for cell-to-cell communication. EVs have been reported to be involved in homeostasis maintenance, as well as in liver diseases. In this review, we present current knowledge on the role of EVs in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, primary liver cancers, acute liver injury and liver regeneration. Moreover, therapeutic strategies involving EVs as targets or as tools to treat liver diseases are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Shantha Valainathan
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service d'Hépatologie, DMU DIGEST, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, FILFOIE, ERN RARE-LIVER, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Louise Biquard
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Paris, France.
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service d'Hépatologie, DMU DIGEST, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, FILFOIE, ERN RARE-LIVER, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Paris, France.
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Thietart S, Rautou PE. Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in liver diseases: A clinician's point of view. J Hepatol 2020; 73:1507-1525. [PMID: 32682050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound vesicles containing proteins, lipids, RNAs and microRNAs. They can originate from both healthy and stressed cells, and provide a snapshot of the cell of origin in physiological and pathological circumstances. Various processes that may give rise to the release of extracellular vesicles occur in liver diseases, including hepatocyte apoptosis, hepatic stellate cell activation, liver innate immune system activation, systemic inflammation, and organelle dysfunction (mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress). Numerous studies have therefore investigated the potential role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in liver diseases. This review provides an overview of the methods that can be used to measure extracellular vesicle concentrations in clinical settings, ranging from plasma preparation to extracellular vesicle measurement techniques, as well as looking at the challenges of using extracellular vesicles as biomarkers. We also provide a comprehensive review of studies that test extracellular vesicles as diagnostic, severity and prognostic biomarkers in various liver diseases, including non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis, viral hepatitis B and C infections, cirrhosis, primary liver cancers, primary sclerosing cholangitis and acute liver failure. In particular, extracellular vesicles could be useful tools to evaluate activity and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, predict risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation, predict complications and mortality in cirrhosis, detect early hepatocellular carcinoma, detect malignant transformation in primary sclerosing cholangitis and predict outcomes in acute liver failure. While most studies draw on data derived from pilot studies, which still require clinical validation, some extracellular vesicle subpopulations have already been evaluated in solid prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thietart
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, F-75018 Paris, France; Service d'Hépatologie, DHU Unity, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France; Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, French Network for Rare Liver Diseases (FILFOIE), European Reference Network (ERN) 'Rare-Liver'.
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Intagliata NM, Caldwell SH, Tripodi A. Diagnosis, Development, and Treatment of Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With and Without Cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1582-1599.e1. [PMID: 30771355 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Portal vein thrombosis unrelated to solid malignancy is common in patients with cirrhosis, but less frequently observed in patients without cirrhosis. Prompt diagnosis and management of acute symptomatic portal vein thrombosis are essential. Failure to detect and treat thromboses can result in mesenteric ischemia, chronic cavernous transformation, and complications of portal hypertension. In patients with cirrhosis, development of portal vein thrombosis is often insidious and remains undetected until its incidental detection. Management of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis is more controversial. However, there are data to support treatment of specific patients with anticoagulation agents. We review the common and distinct features of portal vein thromboses in patients without liver tumors, with and without cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Intagliata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia Medical CenterCharlottesville, Virginia.
| | - Stephen H Caldwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia Medical CenterCharlottesville, Virginia
| | - Armando Tripodi
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center and Fondazione Luigi Villa, Milano, Italy
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Zuwala-Jagiello J, Pazgan-Simon M, Murawska-Cialowicz E, Simon K. Influence of Diabetes on Circulating Apoptotic Microparticles in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:1027-1034. [PMID: 28882977 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) frequently occurs in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and is associated with atherosclerosis, in which circulating microparticles (MPs) play an important role. We asked whether the presence of DM affects endothelial-derived (EMPs) and platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) levels; and whether MPs levels associate with biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with CHC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall, 136 patients were enrolled in the study, 86 CHC patients (41 with DM with moderate glycemic control), 20 outpatients with DM and 30 controls. Circulating MPs were phenotyped by flow cytometry. RESULTS When the MPs levels were analyzed individually in CHC patients, there was a positive association of plasma apoptotic MPs with oxidative stress markers. We report a hitherto undescribed relationship between diabetes prevalence and apoptotic MPs-associated inflammation in patients with CHC. CONCLUSION The presence of apoptotic MPs in the plasma of CHC patients, with increased levels being found in patients with DM and moderate glycemic control was herein demonstrated. The simultaneous monitoring of plasma apoptotic MPs, oxidative stress markers and inflammatory biomarkers can be helpful for the cardiovascular disease control in diabetic patients with CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Pazgan-Simon
- Infectious Disease Department, Division of Infectious Disease and Hepatology Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Simon
- Infectious Disease Department, Division of Infectious Disease and Hepatology Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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