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Kunz JN, Huang YJ, Casper AC, Suneja G, Burt LM, Jhingran A, Joyner MM, Harkenrider MM, Small W, Grant JD, Kidd EA, Boucher K, Gaffney DK. Dosimetric Evaluation of Organs at Risk From SAVE Protocol. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:274-280. [PMID: 37023988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this work was to evaluate dosimetric characteristics to organs at risk (OARs) from short-course adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy (VCB) in early endometrial cancer compared with standard of care (SOC) in a multi-institutional prospective randomized trial. METHODS AND MATERIALS SAVE (Short Course Adjuvant Vaginal Brachytherapy in Early Endometrial Cancer Compared to Standard of Care) is a prospective, phase 3, multisite randomized trial in which 108 patients requiring VCB were randomized to an experimental short-course arm (11 Gy × 2 fractions [fx] to surface) and SOC arm. Those randomized to the SOC arm were subdivided into treatment groups based on treating physician discretion as follows: 7 Gy × 3 fx to 5 mm, 5 to 5.5 Gy × 4 fx to 5 mm, and 6 Gy × 5 fx to surface. To evaluate doses to OARs of each SAVE cohort, the rectum, bladder, sigmoid, small bowel, and urethra were contoured on planning computed tomography, and doses to OARs were compared by treatment arm. Absolute doses for each OAR and from each fractionation scheme were converted to 2 Gy equivalent dose (EQD23). Each SOC arm was compared with the experimental arm separately using 1-way analysis of variance, followed by pairwise comparisons using Tukey's honestly significant difference test. RESULTS The experimental arm had significantly lower doses for rectum, bladder, sigmoid, and urethra compared with the 7 Gy × 3 and 5 to 5.5 Gy × 4 fractionation schemes; however, the experimental arm did not differ from the 6 Gy × 5 fractionation scheme. For small bowel doses, none of the SOC fractionation schemes were statistically different than the experimental. The highest EQD23 doses to the examined OARs were observed to come from the most common dose fractionation scheme of 7 Gy × 3 fx. With a short median follow-up of 1 year, there have been no isolated vaginal recurrences. CONCLUSIONS Experimental short-course VCB of 11 Gy × 2 fx to the surface provides a comparable biologically effective dose to SOC courses. Experimental short-course VCB was found to reduce or be comparable to D2cc and D0.1cc EQD23 doses to rectum, bladder, sigmoid, small bowel, and urethra critical structures. This may translate into a comparable or lower rate of acute and late adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy N Kunz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Y Jessica Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anthony C Casper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Gita Suneja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lindsay M Burt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anuja Jhingran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa M Joyner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew M Harkenrider
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - William Small
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Jonathan D Grant
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Health Care, Murray, Utah
| | - Elizabeth A Kidd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ken Boucher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David K Gaffney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Anderson EM, Luu M, Lu DJ, Chung EM, Kamrava M. Pathologic primary tumor factors associated with risk of lymph node involvement in patients with non-endometrioid endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2022; 165:281-286. [PMID: 35216809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES Lymph node (LN) involvement is an important factor in guiding adjuvant treatment for patients with endometrial cancer. Risk factors for LN involvement are fairly well-established for endometrial adenocarcinoma, but it is not as well defined whether these factors similarly predict LN positivity in less common histologies. MATERIALS/METHODS Patients diagnosed with pathologic T1-T2 carcinosarcoma, clear cell, uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC), and mixed histologic type endometrial cancer between 2004 and 2016 undergoing primary surgery with at least 1 lymph node sampled in the National Cancer Data Base were identified. Logistic regression was performed to identify primary pathologic tumor predictors of LN positivity. Nomograms were created to predict overall, pelvic only, and paraaortic with or without pelvic LN involvement. RESULTS Among 11,390 patients included, 1950 (18%) were node positive. On multivariable analysis, increasing pathologic tumor stage (pT2 versus pT1a, odds ratio [OR] 3.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.15-4.18, p < 0.001), increase in tumor size per centimeter (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.06-1.10, p < 0.001), and the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (OR 4.97, 95% CI 4.43-5.57, p < 0.001) were predictive of overall LN positivity. Relative to carcinosarcoma, both clear cell (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.22-1.95, p < 0.001) and UPSC (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.48-2.02, p < 0.001) histology were significantly associated with a higher risk of LN positivity while mixed histology was not (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.92-1.24, p = 0.42). CONCLUSION Among patients with non-endometrioid endometrial cancer, predictors of LN positivity are similar to endometrial adenocarcinoma. The nomograms provided could be helpful in making adjuvant treatment decisions for these less common histologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Anderson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Michael Luu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Diana J Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric M Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Kamrava
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Smart A, Buscariollo D, Alban G, Buzurovic I, Cheng T, Pretz J, Krechmer B, King M, Lee L. Low-dose adjuvant vaginal cylinder brachytherapy for early-stage non-endometrioid endometrial cancer: recurrence risk and survival outcomes. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020; 30:1908-1914. [PMID: 32655012 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2020-001623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate recurrence patterns and survival outcomes for patients with early-stage non-endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma treated with adjuvant high-dose rate vaginal brachytherapy with a low-dose scheme. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I-II non-endometrioid endometrial cancer who received adjuvant vaginal brachytherapy with a low-dose regimen of 24 Gy in six fractions from November 2005 to May 2017. All patients had >6 months of follow-up. Rates of recurrence-free survival, overall survival, vaginal, pelvic, and distant recurrence were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors for recurrence and survival were evaluated by Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS A total of 106 patients were analyzed. Median follow-up was 49 months (range 9-119). Histologic subtypes were serous (47%, n=50), clear cell (10%, n=11), mixed (27%, n=29), and carcinosarcoma (15%, n=16). Most patients (79%) had stage IA disease, 94% had surgical nodal assessment, and 13% had lymphovascular invasion. Adjuvant chemotherapy was delivered to 75%. The 5-year recurrence-free and overall survival rates were 74% and 83%, respectively. By histology, 5-year recurrence-free/overall survival rates were: serous 73%/78%, clear cell 68%/88%, mixed 88%/100%, and carcinosarcoma 56%/60% (p=0.046 and p<0.01). On multivariate analysis, lymphovascular invasion was significantly associated with recurrence (HR 3.3, p<0.01). The 5-year vaginal, pelvic, and distant recurrence rates were 7%, 8%, and 21%, respectively. Vaginal and pelvic recurrence rates were highest for patients with carcinosarcoma, lymphovascular invasion and/or FIGO stage IB/II disease. At 5 years, vaginal and pelvic recurrence rates for patients with lymphovascular invasion were 33% and 40%, respectively. Patients with stage IA disease or no lymphovascular invasion had 5-year vaginal recurrence rates of 4% and pelvic recurrence rates of 6% and 3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant high-dose rate brachytherapy with a low-dose scheme is effective for most patients with early-stage non-endometrioid endometrial cancer, particularly stage IA disease and no lymphovascular invasion. Pelvic radiation therapy should be considered for those with carcinosarcoma, lymphovascular invasion and/or stage IB/II disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Smart
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniela Buscariollo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gabriela Alban
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ivan Buzurovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Teresa Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Pretz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Betty Krechmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin King
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Larissa Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Li JY, Young MR, Huang G, Litkouhi B, Santin A, Schwartz PE, Damast S. Stage III uterine serous carcinoma: modern trends in multimodality treatment. J Gynecol Oncol 2020; 31:e53. [PMID: 32266802 PMCID: PMC7286763 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2020.31.e53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine outcomes in a modern treatment era for stage III uterine serous carcinoma (USC). Methods Fifty women were retrospectively identified as 2009 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage III USC patients who received radiotherapy (RT) at our institution between 1/2003–5/2018. The patients were divided into 2 cohorts: 20 in the early era (2003–2010) and 30 in the modern era (2011–2018). Patient characteristics were compared using χ2 tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables. Recurrence free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier estimates, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards. Results The modern era differed from the early era in the increased use of volume-directed external beam RT (EBRT) as opposed to vaginal brachytherapy (VB) alone (33.3% vs 5.0%, p=0.048), minimally invasive surgery (56.7% vs. 25%, p=0.027), sentinel node sampling (26.7% vs. 0%, p=0.012), computed tomography imaging in the perioperative period (63.3% vs. 30%, p=0.044), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu testing (96.7% vs. 55%, p=0.001). Median follow-up for early and modern eras was 37.27 and 33.23 months, respectively. The early vs. modern 3-year RFS was 33% and 64% (p=0.039), respectively, while the 3-year OS was 55% and 90% (p=0.034). Regional nodal recurrence more common among the patients who received VB only (p=0.048). Conclusion Modern era treatment was associated with improved RFS and OS in patients with stage III USC. Regional nodal recurrences were significantly reduced in patients who received EBRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Y Li
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa R Young
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gloria Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Babak Litkouhi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alessandro Santin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shari Damast
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Vaginal toxicity after high-dose-rate endovaginal brachytherapy: 20 years of results. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2018; 10:559-566. [PMID: 30662479 PMCID: PMC6335557 DOI: 10.5114/jcb.2018.79713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate vaginal toxicity (primary endpoint) and local control (secondary endpoint) in patients with endometrial cancer who underwent primary surgery and adjuvant high-dose-rate (HDR) endovaginal brachytherapy (BT). Material and methods In September 2017, the authors conducted a comprehensive literature search of the following electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane library. In this systematic review, the authors included randomized trials, non-randomized trials, prospective studies, retrospective studies, and cases. The time period of the research included articles published from September 1997 to September 2017. Results Acute endovaginal toxicity occurred in less than 20.6% and all acute toxicities were G1-G2. The most common early side effects due to HDR-BT treatment were vaginal inflammation, vaginal irritation, dryness, discharge, soreness, swelling, and fungal infection. G1-G2 late toxicity occurred in less than 27.7%. Finally, G3-G4 late vaginal occurred in less than 2%. The most common late side effects consisted of vaginal discharge, dryness, itching, bleeding, fibrosis, telangiectasias, stenosis, short or narrow vagina, and dyspareunia. Conclusions The data suggest that HDR endovaginal brachytherapy, with or without chemotherapy, is very well tolerated with low rates of acute and late vaginal toxicities. Further prospective studies with higher numbers of patients and longer follow-up are necessary to evaluate acute and late toxicities after HDR endovaginal brachytherapy.
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Stahl JM, Qian JM, Tien CJ, Carlson DJ, Chen Z, Ratner ES, Park HS, Damast S. Extended duration of dilator use beyond 1 year may reduce vaginal stenosis after intravaginal high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Support Care Cancer 2018; 27:1425-1433. [PMID: 30187220 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaginal dilators (VD) are recommended following vaginal or pelvic radiotherapy for patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) to prevent vaginal stenosis (VS). The time course of VS is not fully understood and the optimal duration of VD use is unknown. METHODS We reviewed 243 stage IA-II EC patients who received adjuvant brachytherapy (BT) at an academic tertiary referral center. Patients were instructed to use their VD three times per week for at least 1-year duration. The primary outcome was development of grade ≥ 1 VS using CTCAEv4 criteria during the follow-up period. The log-rank test and multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to evaluate the effect of VD use (noncompliance vs. standard compliance [up to 1 year] vs. extended compliance [over 1 year]) on VS. RESULTS The median follow-up was 15.2 months over the 5-year study period. At 15 months, the incidence of VS was 38.8% for noncompliant patients, 33.5% for those with standard compliance, and 21.4% for those with extended compliance (median time to grade ≥ 1 VS was 17.5 months, 26.7 months, and not yet reached for these groups, respectively). On multivariable Cox regression analysis, extended compliance remained a significant predictor of reduced VS risk when compared to both noncompliance (HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18-0.80, p = 0.012) and standard compliance (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20-0.89, p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS The risk of VS persists beyond 1 year after BT. Extended VD compliance beyond 1 year may mitigate this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Stahl
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jack M Qian
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher J Tien
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David J Carlson
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elena S Ratner
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Henry S Park
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shari Damast
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Qian JM, Stahl JM, Young MR, Ratner E, Damast S. Impact of vaginal cylinder diameter on outcomes following brachytherapy for early stage endometrial cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2018; 28:e84. [PMID: 29027402 PMCID: PMC5641534 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2017.28.e84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the outcomes (tolerability, toxicity, and recurrence) of vaginal brachytherapy (VBT) among endometrial cancer (EC) patients treated with small cylinder size. Methods Patients with EC who received adjuvant VBT between September 2011 and December 2015 were reviewed. Patients were fitted with the largest vaginal cylinder they could comfortably accommodate, from 2.0–3.0 cm diameter. Small cylinders were defined as size 2.3 cm or less. Patient, tumor, or treatment characteristics were correlated with need for small cylinders. Treatment tolerability, measures of gastrointestinal (GI), genitourinary (GU), and vaginal toxicity, and rates of recurrence were analyzed. Results Three hundred four patients were included. Small cylinders were used in 51 patients (17%). Normal body mass index (BMI; p<0.001), nulligravidity (p<0.001), and shorter vaginal length (p<0.001) were associated with small cylinder size. There was no acute or late grade 3 toxicity. Rates of acute (grade 1–2) GI, GU, or vaginal symptoms were low (10%, 11%, and 19%, respectively). Small cylinder size was associated with increased likelihood of reporting acute GI (p<0.05) but not GU or vaginal symptoms. Small cylinder size was associated with higher risk of grade 1–2 vaginal stenosis (odds ratio [OR]=4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.5–14.7; p=0.007). There was no association between cylinder size and recurrence rate (p=0.55). Conclusion VBT is generally very well tolerated, however, patients fitted with smaller cylinders (commonly nulligravid and low BMI) may have increased side effects. Further study to improve the dosimetry of VBT for patients requiring small cylinders may be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M Qian
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John M Stahl
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa R Young
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shari Damast
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Rovirosa Á, Herreros A, Camacho C, Ascaso C, Sánchez J, Cortés S, Sabater S, Solà J, Torné A, Arenas M. Comparative results of three short brachytherapy schedules as exclusive treatment in postoperative endometrial carcinoma. Brachytherapy 2017; 16:1169-1174. [PMID: 28801116 DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare vaginal control and treatment toxicity of three different high-dose-rate brachytherapy schedules as exclusive treatment in postoperative endometrial carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS From 2003 to 2015, three different schedules were used as postoperative treatment for 146 patients (p) with intermediate-risk endometrial carcinoma. Group 1 (41 p): six fractions of 4-6 Gy, 3-4 fractions per week; Group 2 (59 p): four fractions of 5-6 Gy administered daily; Group 3 (46 p): 6 Gy × 3 fractions in three consecutive days. The dose was prescribed at 5 mm of applicator surface using an active treatment length of 2.5 cm. Toxicity scores were evaluated using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scores for bladder and rectum and the objective criteria of late effects of normal tissues-subjective, objective, management, analytic for vagina. Statistics used were group descriptions calculating their means, medians, and ranges. Bivariate analysis was evaluated using variance models and χ2 tests. RESULTS The mean followup was as follows: Group 1: 88 months, Group 2: 75 months, and 41 months in Group 3. No vaginal relapses were found. Late toxicity ≥ G2: rectum: 0 p in the three groups (0%). Bladder: Group 1: 1 p (2.4%), Group 2: 0%, and Group 3: 0%. Vagina: Group 1: 4 p (9.5%); Group 2: 9 p (15.3%); and Group 3:10 p (21.8%). There were no differences in late toxicity among the three groups of patients for rectum (p = 0.83), bladder (p = 0.58), and vagina (p = 0.67); the expected global risk of complications for rectum, bladder, and vagina is 0.8%, 0.8%, and 28.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Similar results in vaginal control and complications were achieved with the three schedules. The use of three fractions of 6 Gy administered daily is the best option for patient comfort and convenience and use of resources. Nonetheless, specific studies are needed to demonstrate the best cost-efficacy regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Rovirosa
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain; Gynecological Cancer Unit, Hospital Clínic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Herreros
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Camacho
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ascaso
- Basic Clinic Practice Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Sánchez
- Economics Department, Hospital Clínic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stepphania Cortés
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastià Sabater
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital General de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jordi Solà
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Clínic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aureli Torné
- Gynecological Cancer Unit, Hospital Clínic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Arenas
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
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Effects of vaginal cylinder position on dose distribution in patients with endometrial carcinoma in treatment of vaginal cuff brachytherapy. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2017; 9:230-235. [PMID: 28725246 PMCID: PMC5509981 DOI: 10.5114/jcb.2017.68171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the impact of different cylinder positions on dosimetry of critical structures in patients with endometrial carcinoma undergoing three-dimensional image-based vaginal cuff brachytherapy (VCB). MATERIAL AND METHODS We delivered VCB at a dose of 4 Gy to a depth of 5 mm in the vaginal cuff of 15 patients using three different cylinder positions (neutral [N], parallel [P], and angled [A]) according to the longitudinal axis of the patient. We analyzed the dose-volume distribution and volumetric variability of the rectum and bladder. We converted the total doses to equivalent doses in 2 Gy (EQD2) using a linear-quadratic model (a/b = 3 Gy). RESULTS The mean rectum volume for the N, P, and A positions was 68.2 ± 22.7 cc, 79.3 ± 33.7 cc, and 74.2 ± 29.6 cc, respectively. The mean rectum volume for the P position was significantly larger than that for the N position (p = 0.03). Relative to the N position, the A position resulted in a lower total EQD2 in the highest irradiated 2 cc (D2cc; p = 0.001), 1 cc (D1cc; p = 0.004), and 0.1 cc (D0.1cc; p = 0.047) of the rectum. Similarly, the P position resulted in a lower EQD2 in the D2cc (p = 0.018) and D1cc (p = 0.024) of the rectum relative to the N position. In the bladder, the P position resulted in a higher EQD2 in the D2cc relative to the N position (p = 0.02). There was no dosimetric difference between the P and A positions in either the rectum or the bladder. CONCLUSIONS Vaginal cuff brachytherapy in the P and A positions is significantly superior to that in the N position in terms of rectum dosimetry. The bladder dose in the N position is considerably lower than that in the other positions.
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Impact of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy on Management of Early Stage Clear Cell and Papillary Serous Carcinoma of the Uterus. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2017; 27:720-729. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to assess interaction of lymph node dissection (LND), adjuvant chemotherapy (CT), and radiotherapy (RT) in stage I uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) and uterine clear cell carcinoma (UCC).Methods/MaterialsThe National Cancer Data Base was queried for women diagnosed with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I UPSC and UCC from 1998 to 2012. Overall survival (OS) was estimated for combinations of RT and CT by the Kaplan-Meier method stratified by histology and LND. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were generated.ResultsUterine papillary serous carcinoma: 5432 women with UPSC were identified. Uterine papillary serous carcinoma had the highest 5-year OS with CT + RT with (83%) or without LND (76%). On multivariate analyses, CT [hazard ratio (HR), 0.77; P = 0.01] and vaginal cuff brachytherapy (HR, 0.68; P = 0.003) with LND were independently associated with OS. Without LND, vaginal cuff brachytherapy (HR, 0.53; P = 0.03), but not CT (HR, 1.21; P = 0.92), was associated with OS. Uterine clear cell carcinoma: 2516 women with UCC were identified. Uterine clear cell carcinoma with and without LND had comparable 5-year OS for all combinations of CT and RT on univariate and multivariate analyses.ConclusionsIn stage I papillary serous uterine cancer, brachytherapy and CT were associated with increased survival; however, the benefit of chemotherapy was limited to those with surgical staging. In contrast, no adjuvant therapy was associated with survival in stage I uterine clear cell carcinoma, and further investigation to identify more effective therapies is warranted.
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Cham S, Huang Y, Tergas AI, Hou JY, Burke WM, Deutsch I, Ananth CV, Neugut AI, Hershman DL, Wright JD. Utility of radiation therapy for early-stage uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 145:269-276. [PMID: 28343693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early-stage uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) has a poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. While adjuvant chemotherapy is generally recommended, the role of radiation is uncertain. We examined the association between vaginal brachytherapy and whole pelvic radiation and survival in women treated with and without adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS The National Cancer Data Base was used to identify women with stage I-II UPSC treated between 1998 and 2012. Trends in use of chemotherapy, brachytherapy, and external beam radiation over time were examined. The association between these treatments and mortality were examined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS A total of 7325 patients were identified. Overall, 2779 (37.9%) received chemotherapy. The use of vaginal brachytherapy increased from 7.2% in 1998 to 29.1% in 2012 (P<0.0001), while use of external beam radiation decreased from 18.2% to 11.7% over the same period (P<0.0001). Use of chemotherapy was associated with a 22% reduction in mortality (HR=0.78; 95% CI, 0.69-0.88). While brachytherapy was associated with decreased mortality (HR=0.67; 95% CI, 0.57-0.78), use of external beam radiation was not associated with survival (HR=1.03; 95% CI, 0.92-1.17). Stratified by stage, use of chemotherapy was associated with decreased mortality for women with stage IB and II tumors, but not for stage IA neoplasms. Vaginal brachytherapy was associated with reduced mortality for stage IA and II neoplasms. CONCLUSION For women with early-stage UPSC, chemotherapy is associated with improved survival. Vaginal brachytherapy was also associated with improved survival, however, there was little benefit to use of external beam radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States
| | - Yongmei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States
| | - Ana I Tergas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; New York Presbyterian Hospital, United States
| | - June Y Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; New York Presbyterian Hospital, United States
| | - William M Burke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; New York Presbyterian Hospital, United States
| | - Israel Deutsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; New York Presbyterian Hospital, United States
| | - Cande V Ananth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; New York Presbyterian Hospital, United States
| | - Dawn L Hershman
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; New York Presbyterian Hospital, United States
| | - Jason D Wright
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, United States; New York Presbyterian Hospital, United States.
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Heumann TR, Diaz R, Liu Y, Hanley K, Bang S, Horowitz IR, Khanna N, Shelton JW. Clinical outcomes and the role of adjuvant therapy sequencing in Type II uterine cancer following definitive surgical treatment. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2017; 38:404-412. [PMID: 29693882 PMCID: PMC9647845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION Because of rarity, consensus on adjuvant therapies for Type II endometrial cancers (BC) remains undefined. Reporting their institutional outcomes, the present authors assessed the impact of adjuvant therapies on recurrence and overall survival in women with 2009 FIGO Stage I-III Type II BC. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors identified 108 women, treated with definitive surgery between 2000-2013, with pathologically-confirmed Type II EC (non-endometrioid [NEM, n=801 and high grade endometrioid [G3EEC, n=28]) Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the effect of prognostic variables on disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess survival. RESULTS Of the 108 women, 83 (77%) were African American (AA). Fifty-nine (55%), 12 (11%), and 37 (34%) were Stage I, II, and III, respectively. Ninety-seven patients received adjuvant therapy: 52 (radiation only), four (chemotherapy only), and 40 (combined). During follow-up (median 41 months), 44 patients (41%) recurred. Five-year DFS was 53% overall (48% [NEM], 80% [G3EEC]). Five-year OS was 75% overall (68% [NEM], 95% [G3EEC]). On multivariate analysis, lower stage and adjuvant radiation improved DFS. Higher stage, NEM, and increasing age were poor prognostic indicators of OS. CONCLUSION Representing a large single institutional cohort for Type II BC, the present study's observed sur- vival rates are consistent with previous studies, despite the relatively high frequency of carcinosarcoma and Stage III/nodal disease. The protective effect on recurrence was not lost when radiation was delayed for chemotherapy. The present results support a multimodal adjuvant approach for treating all stages of invasive NEM EC.
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Odds ratio analysis in women with endometrial cancer. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2016; 15:12-9. [PMID: 27095953 PMCID: PMC4828503 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2016.58767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Despite the progress in diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumours, the effects of treatment are insufficient. Reduction of the risk of cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer is possible by introducing preventative actions. Aim of the study The aim of the thesis is the analysis of selected risk factors that may affect the increase or decrease in the odds ratio of developing endometrial cancer. Material and methods The study was conducted among patients of the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Hospital of Poznań University of Medical Sciences in the years 2011-2013. The research included a total of 548 female respondents aged between 40 and 84 years. Women responded to questions assessing elements of lifestyle such as consumption of alcohol, smoking, and eating certain groups of foods. Results The respondents consuming fruits and vegetables several times a week have a reduced risk of odds ratio and the OR is 0.85; 95% CI: 0.18-4.09, compared to the women who rarely consume vegetables and fruits. Consumption of whole-wheat bread several times a week reduces the risk of developing the cancer, OR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.14-2.47, compared to women not consuming wholegrain bread at all. Respondents who consumed red meat, such as veal, pork, and lamb in the amount of 101-200 g per day have an increased risk of developing the disease: OR = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.09-4.28, compared to women not consuming red meat at all. Conclusions A diet rich in fruit and vegetables, onions, garlic, whole grains, and beans should be introduced in order to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. The consumption of red meat and white pasta should be reduced or even eliminated.
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