1
|
Bahuguna A, Dubey SK. Overview of the Mechanistic Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Cancer Chemoprevention. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300221. [PMID: 37552810 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite of strides in modern cancer therapeutic strategies, there has not been a successful cure for it until now and prognostic side effects and substantial toxicity to chemotherapy and subsequent homeostatic imbalance remains a major concern for professionals in this field. The significance of the human microbiome in the pathogenesis of cancer is being recognized, documented, and established worldwide. Probiotics and prebiotics are some of the most extensively researched approaches to modulate the microbiota for therapeutic purposes, and research on their potential to prevent and treat cancer has sparked an immense amount of interest. The characteristics of probiotics and prebiotics allow for an array of efficient applications in cancer preventive measures. Probiotics can also be administered coupled with chemotherapy and surgery to alleviate their side effects and help promote the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs. Besides showing promising results they are accompanied by potential risks and controversies that may eventually result in clinical repercussions. This review emphasizes the mechanistic potential and oncosuppressive effects of probiotic and prebiotics through maintenance of intestinal barrier function, modifying innate immune system, immunomodulation, intestinal microbiota metabolism, inhibition of host cell proliferation, preventing pathogen colonization, and exerting selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Bahuguna
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H., G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H., G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tacheva T, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Dimov D, Vlaykova D, Miteva I, Vlaykova T. The Leucocyte Telomere Length, GSTM1 and GSTT1 Null Genotypes and the Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3757-3769. [PMID: 36005153 PMCID: PMC9406937 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44080257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, both in the airways and blood, and in other organs. Elevated oxidative stress and inflammation have been reported to affect leucocyte telomere length (LTL). We explored the link between GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms, LTL and COPD risk. For GSTM1 and GSTT1, we genotyped 152 COPD patients and 131 non-affected controls, while for TL, we assessed 91 patients and 88 controls. There was a significant difference in GSTM1 null genotype frequency between the patients and controls (0.59 vs. 0.38, p ≤ 0.000), but such was not found for GSTT1 (p = 0.192). COPD patients carrying the GSTM1 null genotype had shorter telomeres compared to those carrying the non-null genotype (15,720 bp vs. 22,442 bp, p = 0.008); and in controls, the opposite occurred (31,354 bp vs. 17,800 bp, p = 0.020). According to our results GSTM1, but not GSTT1, null genotypes might play role in leucocyte telomere shortening, and thus be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress both in the airways and blood and other organs. Elevated oxidative stress and inflammation have been reported to affect leucocyte telomere length (LTL). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes are a large family of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that utilize different ROS products. We aimed to explore the link between GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms, LTL and COPD risk. For GSTM1, we genotyped 152 COPD patients and 131 non-affected controls; for GSTT1, we genotyped 149 COPD patients and 130 controls. We were able to assess TL for 91 patients and 88 controls. There was a significant difference in the GSTM1 null genotype frequency between the patients and controls (0.59 vs. 0.38, p ≤ 0.000), but such was not found for GSTT1 (p = 0.192). When combining both polymorphisms, we obtained a significantly greater presence of at least one null genotype among patients (0.12 vs. 0.05, p = 0.027). An association between GSTT1 and LTL was not found. COPD patients carrying the GSTM1 null genotype had shorter telomeres compared to those carrying the non-null genotype (15,720 bp vs. 22,442 bp, p = 0.008); as for the controls, it was the opposite (31,354 bp vs. 17,800 bp, p = 0.020). The significance in both groups remained when combining GSTM1 and GSTT1 (COPD (at least one null) 16,409 bp vs. COPD (non-null) 22,092 bp, p = 0.029; control (at least one null) 29,666 bp vs. control (non-null) 16,370 bp, p = 0.027). The total glutathione level in GSTM1 non-null controls was higher compared to the null genotype (15.39 ng/mL vs. 5.53 ng/mL, p = 0.002). In COPD patients, we found no association (p = 0.301). In conclusion, according to our results, GSTM1, but not GSTT1, null genotypes might play a role in leucocyte telomere shortening, and thus be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Tacheva
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Shanbeh Zienolddiny-Narui
- Section for Toxicology and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, NO-036 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dimo Dimov
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Denitsa Vlaykova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Iva Miteva
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tatyana Vlaykova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aybek H, Temel Y, Ahmed BM, Ağca CA, Çiftci M. Deciphering of The Effect of Chemotherapeutic Agents on Human Glutathione S-Transferase Enzyme and MCF-7 Cell Line. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 27:888-894. [PMID: 32282293 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200413101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the disease that causes the most death after cardiovascular diseases all over the world these days. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women and ranks the second among cancer-related deaths after lung cancer. Chemotherapeutics act by killing cancer cells, preventing their spread and slowing their growth. Recent studies focus on the effects of chemotherapeutics on cancer cells and new chemotherapy approaches that targeting enzymes that catalyze important metabolic reactions in the cell. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chemotherapeutic agents, Tamoxifen and 5-FU, on MCF-7 cell line and human erythrocyte GST, an important enzyme of intracellular antioxidant metabolism. METHODS In this study, it was investigated that the effect of chemotherapeutic agents, Tamoxifen and 5-FU, on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and performed ROS analyzes. In addition, it was purified glutathione S-transferase (GST), one of the important enzymes of intracellular antioxidant mechanism, from human erythrocytes by using ammonium sulfate precipitation and glutathione agarose affinity chromatography, and investigated in vitro effects of chemotherapeutic agents, 5 - FU and Tamoxifen, on the activity of this enzyme for the first time. RESULTS it was determined that Tamoxifen and 5-FU inhibited cellular viability and 5-FU increased intracellular levels of ROS, whereas Tamoxifen reduced intracellular levels of ROS. In addition, human erythrocyte GST enzyme with 16.2 EU/mg specific activity was purified 265.97-fold with a yield of 35% using ammonium sulfate precipitation and glutathione agarose affinity chromatography. The purity of the enzyme was checked by the SDS-PAGE method. In vitro effects of chemotherapeutics, 5-FU and Tamoxifen, on GST activity purified from human erythrocytes were investigated. The results showed that 5-FU increased the activity of GST in the concentration range of 77 to 1155 μM and that Tamoxifen increased the activity of GST in the concentration range of 0.54 to 2.70 μM. CONCLUSION In this study, the effects of tamoxifen and 5-FU chemotherapeutic agents on both MCF-7 cell line and human GST enzyme were examined together for the first time. Our study showed that chemotherapeutic agents (5-FU and Tamoxifen) inhibited cellular viability and Tamoxifen reduced intracellular levels of ROS whereas 5-FU increased intracellular levels of ROS. In addition, 5-FU and Tamoxifen were found to increase the activity of GST enzyme purified from the human erythrocyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Havva Aybek
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Temel
- Solhan Vocational School of Health Services, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Barzan Mirza Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Garmian, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Can Ali Ağca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Çiftci
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
P21 is not a prognostic marker for rectal cancer - five-year follow up study of rectal cancer in stages I-IV. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2021; 24:247-251. [PMID: 33531872 PMCID: PMC7836274 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2020.102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p21 participates in the regulation of DNA repair and replication, and modulation of apoptosis as well. After DNA damage, the p53-dependent induction of p21 results in cell cycle arrest or could trigger cell apoptosis. The objective of the study was the assessment of p21 immunoreactivity in rectal cancer and the estimation of relationships with clinical outcome especially as predictor of poor outcome. While applying the ruling in and out criteria, 102 patients were incorporated to the study, with stage I–IV rectal cancer who had undergone surgery in a planned mode during 2005–2011. The follow-up covered 5 years period from surgery date. Conventional immunohistochemistry were performed using antibody against p21 (p21WAF1 (Clone H252) to detect overexpression targeted receptor. The analysis showed no statistically significant differences in the survival curves of patients in groups with immunoreactivity of p21 protein at 0; 1; 2; 3 (p = 0.6453 in the log-rank test), also is not a significant risk factor for death (HR = 0.915, p = 0.7842) and for tumor dissemination (HR = 0.94, p = 0.9426). Our study leads to the conclusion that the probability of survival does not depend on p21 expression and do not authorize the importance of p21 immunoreactivity in the detection and monitoring of rectal cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
5
|
The Role of Probiotics in Cancer Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010020. [PMID: 33374549 PMCID: PMC7793079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is considered one of the leading causes of human mortality in the world and is the subject of much research. The risk of developing cancer depends on genetic factors, as well as the body’s immune status. The intestinal microbiome plays very important role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Probiotics have gained increasing medical significance due to the beneficial effect on the human body associated with the prevention and support of the treatment of many chronic diseases, including cancer in the absence of side effects. The aim of this review was to summarize the knowledge about the effect of probiotic microorganisms in the prevention of cancer. There is a lot of evidence that the use of probiotics can play an important role in cancer prevention and support anti-cancer therapies. Abstract The gut microbiome can play important role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. An imbalance in the gut microbiome can lead to pro-inflammatory immune responses and the initiation of disease processes, including cancer. The research results prove some strains of probiotics by modulating intestinal microbiota and immune response can be used for cancer prevention or/and as adjuvant treatment during anticancer chemotherapy. This review presents the latest advances in research into the effectiveness of probiotics in the prevention and treatment support of cancer. The described issues concern to the anticancer activity of probiotic microorganisms and their metabolites. In addition, we described the potential mechanisms of probiotic chemoprevention and the advisability of using probiotics.
Collapse
|
6
|
Klusek J, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Kowalik A, Wawrzycka I, Chrapek M, Lewitowicz P, Radowicz-Chil A, Klusek J, Głuszek S. The Influence of Red Meat on Colorectal Cancer Occurrence Is Dependent on the Genetic Polymorphisms of S-Glutathione Transferase Genes. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1682. [PMID: 31336627 PMCID: PMC6683097 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is postulated that both individual genotype and environmental factors such as diet may modify the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). The influences of GST gene polymorphism and red meat intake on CRC occurrence in the Polish population were analyzed in this study. METHODS Genotyping was performed with the qPCR method. RESULTS A high frequency of meat consumption was associated with an over 2-fold increase in the risk of colorectal cancer odds ratio (OR) adjusted for sex and age = 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI); 1.3-4.4). However, after analyzing the genetic profiles, in the absence of polymorphisms of all three analyzed genes, there was no association between a high frequency of meat consumption and the occurrence of CRC. In the case of GSTM1 gene polymorphism, the high frequency of meat consumption increased the risk of CRC by almost more than 4 times (OR adjusted for sex and age = 3.8, 95% CI: 1.6-9.1). For GSTP1 gene polymorphism, a 3-fold increase in CRC risk was observed with a high frequency of meat consumption (OR adjusted for sex and age = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.4-8.1). In the case of GSTT1 gene polymorphism, the increase in risk of CRC was not statistically significant (OR adjusted for sex and age = 1.9, 95% CI: 0.4-8.5). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of red meat intake in non-smokers increases the risk of colon cancer in the case of GST gene polymorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Klusek
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Nursery with a Research Laboratory and Genetic Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 19, 5-317 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Anna Nasierowska-Guttmejer
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 19, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 19, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Iwona Wawrzycka
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Nursery with a Research Laboratory and Genetic Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 19, 5-317 Kielce, Poland
- Department of General, Oncological and Endocrinological Surgery, Voivodeship Hospital, 19, 25-736 Kielce, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chrapek
- Department of Probability Calculus and Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Jan Kochanowski University, 19, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Piotr Lewitowicz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 19, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Radowicz-Chil
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 19, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Jolanta Klusek
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 19, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Stanisław Głuszek
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Nursery with a Research Laboratory and Genetic Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 19, 5-317 Kielce, Poland
- Department of General, Oncological and Endocrinological Surgery, Voivodeship Hospital, 19, 25-736 Kielce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aydin S, Gokhan Demir M, Oguztuzun S, Kilic M, Yilmaz C, Dirican O. Glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity and protein expression in patients with recurrent tonsillitis and idiopathic tonsillar hypertrophy. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2019; 163:349-354. [PMID: 30765895 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The palatine tonsil is a significant part of the secondary immune system. Tonsillitis and idiopathic tonsillar hypertrophy (ITH) are the most common pathologies of this component. Although there are studies on their pathogenesis, there is insufficient study of the role of antioxidant agents. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes contribute to the antioxidation reactions in the tissue via the glutathione pathway. The purpose in this study was to reveal the levels of the GST enzyme activity and protein expression of GSTP1 and GSTA1 isozymes in patients with tonsillitis and tonsil hypertrophy, and to investigate their role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen patients with recurrent tonsillitis and 5 patients with ITH and were included in the study. Cytosolic extracts were prepared from post-tonsillectomy tissues of both patient groups and GST enzyme activities were measured. RESULTS The expression of GSTP1 was found to be significantly higher than GSTA1 in tissue samples of patients with ITH and recurrent tonsillitis (P<0.001). Increased GST activity and GSTP1 isozyme expression were shown in patients with recurrent tonsillitis compared to the idiopathic tonsillar hypertrophy study group. There was a positive correlation between the expressions of GSTP1 (P=0.040; r=0.47). CONCLUSION Increased GST activity and GSTP1 isozymes were demonstrated histologically in the pathogenesis of ITH and recurrent tonsillitis. We believe that the data of changes in antioxidant capacity, obtained from studies with more extensive and larger samples, would support our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Aydin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Kartal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Serpil Oguztuzun
- Department of Biology, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Murat Kilic
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Ankara University Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Onur Dirican
- Department of Biology, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kirikkale, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk in Polish nonsmokers. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21224-21230. [PMID: 29765533 PMCID: PMC5940415 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes are responsible for cellular detoxification of many carcinogens and are important anticancer elements. This study assessed potential relationships between GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in Polish nonsmokers. We also analyzed the influence of GST gene polymorphisms on CRC clinical and histopathological features. Our study included 197 CRC patients and 104 healthy controls. GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms were evaluated using qPCR. Polymorphism frequencies observed in our control group corresponded to those in other European populations. The GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null genotypes were observed with similar frequencies in both CRC patients and controls (GSTM1 null: 46.7% vs. 45.2%; GSTT1 null: 15.7% vs. 20.2%). GSTP1 Ile/Ile, Ile/Val, and Val/Val genotype frequencies were respectively 42.1%, 48.2%, and 9.6% in patients and 48.1%, 42.3%, and 9.6% in controls. GSTT1 polymorphism correlated with higher tumor grade in CRC patients, and the GSTM1 null/null genotype was associated with more frequent metastasis to lymph nodes (pN classification). Our results suggest that GST gene polymorphisms may influence CRC tumor grade and stage.
Collapse
|
9
|
Guthrie AR, Chow HS, Martinez JA. Effects of resveratrol on drug- and carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, implications for cancer prevention. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5:e00294. [PMID: 28596842 PMCID: PMC5461649 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenol found in grape skins and peanuts that has demonstrated many health benefits including protection against aging, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, neurological decline, and cancer. The anticancer properties of resveratrol have been attributed to a variety of mechanisms, including its general inhibition of phase I metabolism and induction of phase II metabolism. The effects of resveratrol on these enzymes, however, are still unclear, as in vitro evidence often contrasts with animal studies and clinical trials. Reasons for these variances could include the low bioavailability of resveratrol and the effects of resveratrol metabolites. Due to resveratrol's interactions with drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, individuals concurrently taking pharmacological doses of resveratrol with other supplements or medications could potentially experience nutrient-drug interactions. This review summarizes the known effects of resveratrol and its main metabolites on drug metabolism in order to help characterize which populations might benefit from resveratrol for the prevention of cancer, as well as those that may need to avoid supplementation due to potential drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane R. Guthrie
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
| | | | - Jessica A. Martinez
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona
- University of Arizona Cancer CenterTucsonArizona
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The rs3957357C>T SNP in GSTA1 Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Occurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in European Individuals. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167543. [PMID: 27936036 PMCID: PMC5147914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) detoxify toxic molecules by conjugation with reduced glutathione and regulate cell signaling. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GST genes have been suggested to affect GST functions and thus to increase the risk of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As GSTA1 is expressed in hepatocytes and the rs3957357C>T (TT) SNP is known to downregulate GSTA1 mRNA expression, the aims of this study were: (i) to explore the relationship between the TT SNP in GSTA1 and the occurrence of HCC; (ii) to measure GSTA1 mRNA expression in HCCs. For that purpose, we genotyped non-tumor-tissue-derived DNA from 48 HCC patients and white-blood-cell-derived DNA from 37 healthy individuals by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). In addition, expression of GSTA1 mRNA was assessed by real-time PCR in 18 matching pairs of HCCs and non-tumor livers. Survival analysis was performed on an annotated microarray dataset containing 247 HCC patients (GSE14520). The GSTA1 TT genotype was more frequent in HCC than in non-HCC patients (27% versus 5%, respectively), suggesting that individuals carrying this genotype could be associated with 2-fold higher risk of developing HCCs (odds ratio = 2.1; p = 0.02). Also, we found that GSTA1 mRNA expression was lower in HCCs than in non-tumor livers. HCCs expressing the highest GSTA1 mRNA levels were the smallest in size (R = -0.67; p = 0.007), expressed the highest levels of liver-enriched genes such as ALB (albumin, R = -0.67; p = 0.007) and COL18A1 (procollagen type XVIII, R = -0.50; p = 0.03) and showed the most favorable disease-free (OR = 0.54; p<0.001) and overall (OR = 0.56; p = 0.006) outcomes. Moreover, GSTA1 was found within a 263-gene network involved in well-differentiated hepatocyte functions. In conclusion, HCCs are characterized by two GSTA1 features: the TT SNP and reduced GSTA1 gene expression in a context of hepatocyte de-differentiation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Park S, Cheng SL, Cui JY. Characterizing drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters that are bona fide CAR-target genes in mouse intestine. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:475-491. [PMID: 27709017 PMCID: PMC5045557 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestine is responsible for the biotransformation of many orally-exposed chemicals. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR/Nr1i3) is known to up-regulate many genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (drug-processing genes/DPGs) in liver, but less is known regarding its effect in intestine. Sixty-day-old wild-type and Car−/− mice were administered the CAR-ligand TCPOBOP or vehicle once daily for 4 days. In wild-type mice, Car mRNA was down-regulated by TCPOBOP in liver and duodenum. Car−/− mice had altered basal intestinal expression of many DPGs in a section-specific manner. Consistent with the liver data (Aleksunes and Klaassen, 2012), TCPOBOP up-regulated many DPGs (Cyp2b10, Cyp3a11, Aldh1a1, Aldh1a7, Gsta1, Gsta4, Gstm1-m4, Gstt1, Ugt1a1, Ugt2b34, Ugt2b36, and Mrp2–4) in specific sections of small intestine in a CAR-dependent manner. However, the mRNAs of Nqo1 and Papss2 were previously known to be up-regulated by TCPOBOP in liver but were not altered in intestine. Interestingly, many known CAR-target genes were highest expressed in colon where CAR is minimally expressed, suggesting that additional regulators are involved in regulating their expression. In conclusion, CAR regulates the basal expression of many DPGs in intestine, and although many hepatic CAR-targeted DPGs were bona fide CAR-targets in intestine, pharmacological activation of CAR in liver and intestine are not identical.
Collapse
Key Words
- Aldh, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Asbt, solute carrier family 10, member 2 (apical sodium/bile acid cotransporter)
- CAR
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CITCO, 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo [2,1-b](1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
- Cq, quantification cycle
- Cyp, cytochrome P450
- DPGs, drug-processing genes (genes that encodes drug metabolizing enzymes or transporters)
- Drug-metabolizing enzymes
- Drug-processing genes
- Gst, glutathione S-trasnferase
- H3, Histone 3
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- Intestine
- Mice
- Mrp, multi-drug resistance-associated protein (ABC transporter family C member)
- Nqo1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- Oatp, organic anion transporting polypeptide (solute carrier organic anion transporter family member)
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PBST, phosphate-buffered saline with 0.05% tween 20
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Papss2, 3ʹ-phosphoadenosine 5ʹ-phosphosulfate synthase 2
- ST buffer, sucrose Tris buffer
- Sult, sulfotransferase
- TCPOBOP, 3,3ʹ,5,5ʹ-tetrachloro-1,4-bis(pyridyloxy)benzene
- Transporters
- Ugt, UDP glucuronosyltransferase
- WT, wild-type
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- ddCq, delta delta Cq
- hCAR, human constitutive androstane receptor
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Collapse
|