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Andrew Awuah W, Shah MH, Tan JK, Ranganathan S, Sanker V, Darko K, Tenkorang PO, Adageba BB, Ahluwalia A, Shet V, Aderinto N, Kundu M, Abdul‐Rahman T, Atallah O. Immunotherapeutic advances in glioma management: The rise of vaccine-based approaches. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e70013. [PMID: 39215399 PMCID: PMC11364516 DOI: 10.1111/cns.70013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are highly aggressive brain tumors that present significant challenges in oncology due to their rapid progression and resistance to conventional therapies. Despite advancements in treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains poor, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. One such emerging strategy is the development of glioma vaccines, which aim to stimulate the immune system to target and destroy tumor cells. AIMS This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the current landscape of glioma vaccine development, analyzing the types of vaccines under investigation, the outcomes of clinical trials, and the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation. The goal is to highlight the potential of glioma vaccines in advancing more effective and personalized treatments for glioma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This narrative review systematically assessed the role of glioma vaccines by including full-text articles published between 2000 and 2024 in English. Databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched using key terms like "glioma," "brain tumor," "glioblastoma," "vaccine," and "immunotherapy." The review incorporated both pre-clinical and clinical studies, including descriptive studies, animal-model studies, cohort studies, and observational studies. Exclusion criteria were applied to omit abstracts, case reports, posters, and non-peer-reviewed studies, ensuring the inclusion of high-quality evidence. RESULTS Clinical trials investigating various glioma vaccines, including peptide-based, DNA/RNA-based, whole-cell, and dendritic-cell vaccines, have shown promising results. These vaccines demonstrated potential in extending survival rates and managing adverse events in glioma patients. However, significant challenges remain, such as therapeutic resistance due to tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion mechanisms. Moreover, the lack of standardized guidelines for evaluating vaccine responses and issues related to ethical considerations, regulatory hurdles, and vaccine acceptance among patients further complicate the implementation of glioma vaccines. DISCUSSION Addressing the challenges associated with glioma vaccines involves exploring combination therapies, targeted approaches, and personalized medicine. Combining vaccines with traditional therapies like radiotherapy or chemotherapy may enhance efficacy by boosting the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. Personalized vaccines tailored to individual patient profiles present an opportunity for improved outcomes. Furthermore, global collaboration and equitable distribution are critical for ensuring access to glioma vaccines, especially in low- and middle-income countries with limited healthcare resources CONCLUSION: Glioma vaccines represent a promising avenue in the fight against gliomas, offering hope for improving patient outcomes in a disease that is notoriously difficult to treat. Despite the challenges, continued research and the development of innovative strategies, including combination therapies and personalized approaches, are essential for overcoming current barriers and transforming the treatment landscape for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vivek Sanker
- Department of NeurosurgeryTrivandrum Medical CollegeTrivandrumKeralaIndia
| | - Kwadwo Darko
- Department of NeurosurgeryKorle Bu Teaching HospitalAccraGhana
| | | | - Bryan Badayelba Adageba
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology School of Medicine and DentistryKumasiGhana
| | | | - Vallabh Shet
- Faculty of MedicineBangalore Medical College and Research InstituteBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | - Nicholas Aderinto
- Department of Internal MedicineLAUTECH Teaching HospitalOgbomosoNigeria
| | - Mrinmoy Kundu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM HospitalBhubaneswarOdishaIndia
| | | | - Oday Atallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
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2
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Afzal A, Afzal Z, Bizink S, Davis A, Makahleh S, Mohamed Y, Coniglio SJ. Phagocytosis Checkpoints in Glioblastoma: CD47 and Beyond. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7795-7811. [PMID: 39194679 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the deadliest human cancers with very limited treatment options available. The malignant behavior of GBM is manifested in a tumor which is highly invasive, resistant to standard cytotoxic chemotherapy, and strongly immunosuppressive. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have recently been introduced in the clinic and have yielded promising results in certain cancers. GBM, however, is largely refractory to these treatments. The immune checkpoint CD47 has recently gained attention as a potential target for intervention as it conveys a "don't eat me" signal to tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) via the inhibitory SIRP alpha protein. In preclinical models, the administration of anti-CD47 monoclonal antibodies has shown impressive results with GBM and other tumor models. Several well-characterized oncogenic pathways have recently been shown to regulate CD47 expression in GBM cells and glioma stem cells (GSCs) including Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) beta catenin. Other macrophage pathways involved in regulating phagocytosis including TREM2 and glycan binding proteins are discussed as well. Finally, chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-Ms) could be leveraged for greatly enhancing the phagocytosis of GBM and repolarization of the microenvironment in general. Here, we comprehensively review the mechanisms that regulate the macrophage phagocytosis of GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Afzal
- School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Zobia Afzal
- School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Sophia Bizink
- School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Amanda Davis
- School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Sara Makahleh
- School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Yara Mohamed
- School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Salvatore J Coniglio
- School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
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3
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Huang B, Zhang J, Zong W, Chen S, Zong Z, Zeng X, Zhang H. Myeloidcells in the immunosuppressive microenvironment in glioblastoma: The characteristics and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:994698. [PMID: 36923402 PMCID: PMC10008967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.994698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal malignant tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Conventional therapies, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have limited success in ameliorating patient survival. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which is infiltrated by a variety of myeloid cells, has been considered a crucial obstacle to current treatment. Recently, immunotherapy, which has achieved great success in hematological malignancies and some solid cancers, has garnered extensive attention for the treatment of GBM. In this review, we will present evidence on the features and functions of different populations of myeloid cells, and on current clinical advances in immunotherapies for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University Electric Power Teaching Hospital/State Grid Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of neurosurgery, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, China
| | - Zhitao Zong
- Department of neurosurgery, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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4
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Lin YJ, Wu CYJ, Wu JY, Lim M. The Role of Myeloid Cells in GBM Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887781. [PMID: 35711434 PMCID: PMC9192945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are intrinsic brain tumors that originate from glial cells. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive glioma type and resistant to immunotherapy, mainly due to its unique immune environment. Dimensional data analysis reveals that the intra-tumoral heterogeneity of immune cell populations in the glioma microenvironment is largely made up of cells of myeloid lineage. Conventional therapies of combined surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have achieved limited improvements in the prognosis of glioma patients, as myeloid cells are prominent mediators of immune and therapeutic responses—like immunotherapy resistance—in glioma. Myeloid cells are frequently seen in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and they are polarized to promote tumorigenesis and immunosuppression. Reprogramming myeloid cells has emerged as revolutionary, new types of immunotherapies for glioma treatment. Here we detail the current advances in classifying epigenetic, metabolic, and phenotypic characteristics and functions of different populations of myeloid cells in glioma TME, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs), glioma-associated neutrophils (GANs), and glioma-associated dendritic cells (GADCs), as well as the mechanisms underlying promotion of tumorigenesis. The final goal of this review will be to provide new insights into novel therapeutic approaches for specific targeting of myeloid cells to improve the efficacy of current treatments in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jui Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Caren Yu-Ju Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Janet Yuling Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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5
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Codrici E, Popescu ID, Tanase C, Enciu AM. Friends with Benefits: Chemokines, Glioblastoma-Associated Microglia/Macrophages, and Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052509. [PMID: 35269652 PMCID: PMC8910233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor and has the greatest prevalence of all brain tumors. Treatment resistance and tumor recurrence in GBM are mostly explained by considerable alterations within the tumor microenvironment, as well as extraordinary cellular and molecular heterogeneity. Soluble factors, extracellular matrix components, tissue-resident cell types, resident or newly recruited immune cells together make up the GBM microenvironment. Regardless of many immune cells, a profound state of tumor immunosuppression is supported and developed, posing a considerable hurdle to cancer cells' immune-mediated destruction. Several studies have suggested that various GBM subtypes present different modifications in their microenvironment, although the importance of the microenvironment in treatment response has yet to be determined. Understanding the microenvironment and how it changes after therapies is critical because it can influence the remaining invasive GSCs and lead to recurrence. This review article sheds light on the various components of the GBM microenvironment and their roles in tumoral development, as well as immune-related biological processes that support the interconnection/interrelationship between different cell types. Also, we summarize the current understanding of the modulation of soluble factors and highlight the dysregulated inflammatory chemokine/specific receptors cascades/networks and their significance in tumorigenesis, cancer-related inflammation, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Codrici
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
| | - Ionela-Daniela Popescu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Enciu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
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6
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Dapash M, Castro B, Hou D, Lee-Chang C. Current Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4548. [PMID: 34572775 PMCID: PMC8467991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal primary brain tumor. Despite extensive effort in basic, translational, and clinical research, the treatment outcomes for patients with GBM are virtually unchanged over the past 15 years. GBM is one of the most immunologically "cold" tumors, in which cytotoxic T-cell infiltration is minimal, and myeloid infiltration predominates. This is due to the profound immunosuppressive nature of GBM, a tumor microenvironment that is metabolically challenging for immune cells, and the low mutational burden of GBMs. Together, these GBM characteristics contribute to the poor results obtained from immunotherapy. However, as indicated by an ongoing and expanding number of clinical trials, and despite the mostly disappointing results to date, immunotherapy remains a conceptually attractive approach for treating GBM. Checkpoint inhibitors, various vaccination strategies, and CAR T-cell therapy serve as some of the most investigated immunotherapeutic strategies. This review article aims to provide a general overview of the current state of glioblastoma immunotherapy. Information was compiled through a literature search conducted on PubMed and clinical trials between 1961 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dapash
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Brandyn Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David Hou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (B.C.); (D.H.)
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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7
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Raghavan JV, Ganesh RA, Sonpatki P, Naik D, John AE, Arunachalam P, Shah D, P S H, Lakshmikantha A, Pillai S, Chandrachari KP, Mariswamappa K, Lale S, Shah N, Jhunjhunwala S. Immuno-phenotyping of IDH-mutant grade 3 astrocytoma and IDH-wildtype glioblastoma reveals specific differences in cells of myeloid origin. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1957215. [PMID: 34377594 PMCID: PMC8331013 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1957215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are heavily infiltrated with immune cells of myeloid origin. Past studies have shown that high-grade gliomas have a higher proportion of alternatively activated and suppressive myeloid cells when compared to low-grade gliomas, which correlate with poor prognosis. However, the differences in immune cell phenotypes within high-grade gliomas (between grade 3 and grade 4 or GBM) are relatively less explored, and a correlation of phenotypic characteristics between immune cells in the blood and high-grade tumors has not been performed. Additionally, myeloid cells of granulocytic origin present in gliomas remain poorly characterized. Herein, we address these questions through phenotypic characterizations of monocytes and neutrophils present in blood and tumors of individuals with glioblastoma (GBM, IDH-wild type) or grade 3 IDH-mutant gliomas. We observe that neutrophils are highly heterogeneous among individuals with glioma, and are different from healthy controls. We also show that CD163 expressing M2 monocytes are present in greater proportions in GBM tissue when compared to grade 3 IDH-mutant glioma tissue, and a larger proportion of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells are present in grade 3 IDH-mutant gliomas when compared to GBM. Finally, we demonstrate that the expression levels of CD86 and CD63 showed a high correlation between blood and tumor and suggest that these may be used as possible markers for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree V Raghavan
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, India
| | | | | | - Divya Naik
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, India
| | | | - Priyanka Arunachalam
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, India
| | - Darshat Shah
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, India
| | - Hari P S
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nameeta Shah
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, India
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8
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New Insights into the Multifaceted Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) in High-Grade Gliomas: From Metabolic Reprograming, Immunosuppression, and Therapeutic Resistance to Current Strategies for Targeting MDSCs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040893. [PMID: 33919732 PMCID: PMC8070707 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells “hijack” host immune cells to promote growth, survival, and metastasis. The immune microenvironment of high-grade gliomas (HGG) is a complex and heterogeneous system, consisting of diverse cell types such as microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and T-cells. Of these, MDSCs are one of the major tumor-infiltrating immune cells and are correlated not only with overall worse prognosis but also poor clinical outcomes. Upon entry from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood, spleen, as well as in tumor microenvironment (TME) in HGG patients, MDSCs deploy an array of mechanisms to perform their immune and non-immune suppressive functions. Here, we highlight the origin, function, and characterization of MDSCs and how they are recruited and metabolically reprogrammed in HGG. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms by which MDSCs contribute to immunosuppression and resistance to current therapies. Finally, we conclude by summarizing the emerging approaches for targeting MDSCs alone as a monotherapy or in combination with other standard-of-care therapies to improve the current treatment of high-grade glioma patients.
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9
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Badr CE, Silver DJ, Siebzehnrubl FA, Deleyrolle LP. Metabolic heterogeneity and adaptability in brain tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5101-5119. [PMID: 32506168 PMCID: PMC8272080 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic complexity and flexibility commonly observed in brain tumors, especially glioblastoma, is fundamental for their development and progression. The ability of tumor cells to modify their genetic landscape and adapt metabolically, subverts therapeutic efficacy, and inevitably instigates therapeutic resistance. To overcome these challenges and develop effective therapeutic strategies targeting essential metabolic processes, it is necessary to identify the mechanisms underlying heterogeneity and define metabolic preferences and liabilities of malignant cells. In this review, we will discuss metabolic diversity in brain cancer and highlight the role of cancer stem cells in regulating metabolic heterogeneity. We will also highlight potential therapeutic modalities targeting metabolic vulnerabilities and examine how intercellular metabolic signaling can shape the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Badr
- Neuro-Oncology Division, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Silver
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Florian A Siebzehnrubl
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Biosciences, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Loic P Deleyrolle
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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10
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Dehhaghi M, Kazemi Shariat Panahi H, Heng B, Guillemin GJ. The Gut Microbiota, Kynurenine Pathway, and Immune System Interaction in the Development of Brain Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:562812. [PMID: 33330446 PMCID: PMC7710763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.562812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut microbiota contains a large, complex, dynamic microbial community of approximately 1014 microbes from more than 1,000 microbial species, i.e., equivalent to 4 × 106 genes. Numerous evidence links gut microbiota with human health and diseases. Importantly, gut microbiota is involved in the development and function of the brain through a bidirectional pathway termed as the gut-brain axis. Interaction between gut microbiota and immune responses can modulate the development of neuroinflammation and cancer diseases in the brain. With respect of brain cancer, gut microbiota could modify the levels of antioxidants, amyloid protein and lipopolysaccharides, arginase 1, arginine, cytochrome C, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling (GM-CSF), IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17A, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (e.g., nitric oxide and peroxynitrite), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan, and tumor necrosis factor-β (TGF-β). Through these modifications, gut microbiota can modulate apoptosis, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), autophagy, caspases activation, DNA integrity, microglia dysbiosis, mitochondria permeability, T-cell proliferation and functions, the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, and tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. The outcome of such interventions could be either oncolytic or oncogenic. This review scrutinizes the oncogenic and oncolytic effects of gut microbiota by classifying the modification mechanisms into (i) amino acid deprivation (arginine and tryptophan); (ii) kynurenine pathway; (iii) microglia dysbiosis; and (iv) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). By delineating the complexity of the gut-microbiota-brain-cancer axis, this review aims to help the research on the development of novel therapeutic strategies that may aid the efficient eradication of brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Pandis Community, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Pandis Community, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Mi Y, Guo N, Luan J, Cheng J, Hu Z, Jiang P, Jin W, Gao X. The Emerging Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Glioma Immune Suppressive Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:737. [PMID: 32391020 PMCID: PMC7193311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid progenitor and precursor cells at different stages of differentiation, which play an important role in tumor immunosuppression. Glioma is the most common and deadliest primary malignant tumor of the brain, and ample evidence supports key contributions of MDSCs to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which is a key factor stimulating glioma progression. In this review, we summarize the source and characterization of MDSCs, discuss their immunosuppressive functions, and current approaches that target MDSCs for tumor control. Overall, the review provides insights into the roles of MDSC immunosuppression in the glioma microenvironment and suggests that MDSC control is a powerful cellular therapeutic target for currently incurable glioma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Mi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Luan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianghong Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhifang Hu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengtao Jiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Lab for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchun Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Lab for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Role of Neutrophils and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Glioma Progression and Treatment Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061954. [PMID: 32182988 PMCID: PMC7139844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts in brain tumor research have been directed towards the modulation of the immune system for therapeutic interventions. Several human cancers, including gliomas, are infiltrated with immune cell types-including neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells-that contribute to tumor progression, invasiveness, and treatment resistance. The role of tumor-associated neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer biology remains elusive, as these cells can exert a multitude of pro-tumor and antitumor effects. In this review, we provide the current understanding and novel insights on the role of neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in glioma progression and treatment resistance, as well as the mechanisms of pleiotropic behaviors in these cells during disease progression, with an emphasis on possible strategies to reprogram these cells towards their antitumor actions.
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13
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Wu SY, Chiang CS. Distinct Role of CD11b +Ly6G -Ly6C - Myeloid-Derived Cells on the Progression of the Primary Tumor and Therapy-Associated Recurrent Brain Tumor. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010051. [PMID: 31878276 PMCID: PMC7016541 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived cells have been implicated as playing essential roles in cancer therapy, particularly in cancer immunotherapy. Most studies have focused on either CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6C+ granulocytic or polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs or PMN-MDSCs) or CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6C+ monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs), for which clear roles have been established. On the other hand, CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6C− myeloid-derived cells (MDCs) have been less well studied. Here, the CD11b-diphtheria toxin receptor (CD11b-DTR) transgenic mouse model was used to evaluate the role of CD11b+ myeloid-derived cells in chemotherapy for an orthotopic murine astrocytoma, ALTS1C1. Using this transgenic mouse model, two injections of diphtheria toxin (DT) could effectively deplete CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6C− MDCs while leaving CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6C+ PMN-MDSCs and CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6C+ M-MDSCs intact. Depletion of CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6C− MDCs in mice bearing ALTS1C1-tk tumors and receiving ganciclovir (GCV) prolonged the mean survival time for mice from 30.7 to 37.8 days, but not the controls, while the effectiveness of temozolomide was enhanced. Mechanistically, depletion of CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6C− MDCs blunted therapy-induced increases in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and compromised therapy-elicited angiogenesis. Collectively, our findings suggest that CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6C− MDCs could be manipulated to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy for brain tumors. However, our study also cautions that the timing of any MDC manipulation may be critical to achieve the best therapeutic result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-573-3168
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14
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Lee M, Park C, Woo J, Kim J, Kho I, Nam DH, Park WY, Kim YS, Kong DS, Lee HW, Kim TJ. Preferential Infiltration of Unique Vγ9Jγ2-Vδ2 T Cells Into Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Immunol 2019; 10:555. [PMID: 30967876 PMCID: PMC6440384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is clinically highly aggressive as a result of evolutionary dynamics induced by cross-talk between cancer cells and a heterogeneous group of immune cells in tumor microenvironment. The brain harbors limited numbers of immune cells with few lymphocytes and macrophages; thus, innate-like lymphocytes, such as γδ T cells, have important roles in antitumor immunity. Here, we characterized GBM-infiltrating γδ T cells, which may have roles in regulating the GBM tumor microenvironment and cancer cell gene expression. V(D)J repertoires of tumor-infiltrating and blood-circulating γδ T cells from four patients were analyzed by next-generation sequencing-based T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing in addition to mutation and immune profiles in four GBM cases. In all tumor tissues, abundant innate and effector/memory lymphocytes were detected, accompanied by large numbers of tumor-associated macrophages and closely located tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells, which appear to have anti-tumor activity. The immune-related gene expression analysis using the TCGA database showed that the signature gene expression extent of γδ T cells were more associated with those of cytotoxic T and Th1 cells and M1 macrophages than those of Th2 cells and M2 macrophages. Although the most abundant γδ T cells were Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in both tumor tissues and blood, the repertoire of intratumoral Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was distinct from that of peripheral blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and was dominated by Vγ9Jγ2 sequences, not by canonical Vγ9JγP sequences that are mostly commonly found in blood γδ T cells. Collectively, unique GBM-specific TCR clonotypes were identified by comparing TCR repertoires of peripheral blood and intra-tumoral γδ T cells. These findings will be helpful for the elucidation of tumor-specific antigens and development of anticancer immunotherapies using tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijeong Lee
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inseong Kho
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Kong
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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15
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Won WJ, Deshane JS, Leavenworth JW, Oliva CR, Griguer CE. Metabolic and functional reprogramming of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and their therapeutic control in glioblastoma. Cell Stress 2019; 3:47-65. [PMID: 31225500 PMCID: PMC6551710 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.02.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multi-forme, is the most common and deadliest form of high-grade malignant brain tumors with limited available treatments. Within the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor cells, stromal cells, and infiltrating immune cells continuously interact and exchange signals through various secreted factors including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and metabolites. Simultaneously, they dynamically reprogram their metabolism according to environmental energy demands such as hypoxia and neo-vascularization. Such metabolic re-programming can determine fates and functions of tumor cells as well as immune cells. Ultimately, glioma cells in the TME transform immune cells to suppress anti-tumor immune cells such as T, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DC), and evade immune surveillance, and even to promote angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMM) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are most abundantly recruited and expanded myeloid lineage cells in glioblastoma TME and mainly lead to immunosuppression. In this review, of myeloid cells we will focus on MDSC as an important driver to induce immunosuppression in glioblastoma. Here, we review current literature on immunosuppressive functions and metabolic reprogramming of MDSCs in glioblastoma and discuss their metabolic pathways as potential therapeutic targets to improve current incurable glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong-Jai Won
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jessy S Deshane
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Claudia R Oliva
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Corinne E Griguer
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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16
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Ma Q, Long W, Xing C, Chu J, Luo M, Wang HY, Liu Q, Wang RF. Cancer Stem Cells and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Glioma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2924. [PMID: 30619286 PMCID: PMC6308128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the central nervous system and is characterized by extensive infiltrative growth, neovascularization, and resistance to various combined therapies. In addition to heterogenous populations of tumor cells, the glioma stem cells (GSCs) and other nontumor cells present in the glioma microenvironment serve as critical regulators of tumor progression and recurrence. In this review, we discuss the role of several resident or peripheral factors with distinct tumor-promoting features and their dynamic interactions in the development of glioma. Localized antitumor factors could be silenced or even converted to suppressive phenotypes, due to stemness-related cell reprogramming and immunosuppressive mediators in glioma-derived microenvironment. Furthermore, we summarize the latest knowledge on GSCs and key microenvironment components, and discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic strategies to cure this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianquan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wenyong Long
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Junjun Chu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mei Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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17
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The effect of intranasally administered TLR3 agonist larifan on metabolic profile of microglial cells in rat with C6 glioma. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj90.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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18
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Sharma P, Debinski W. Receptor-Targeted Glial Brain Tumor Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3326. [PMID: 30366424 PMCID: PMC6274942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among primary brain tumors, malignant gliomas are notably difficult to manage. The higher-grade tumors represent an unmet need in medicine. There have been extensive efforts to implement receptor-targeted therapeutic approaches directed against gliomas. These approaches include immunotherapies, such as vaccines, adoptive immunotherapy, and passive immunotherapy. Targeted cytotoxic radio energy and pro-drug activation have been designed specifically for brain tumors. The field of targeting through receptors progressed significantly with the discovery of an interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13RA2) as a tumor-associated receptor over-expressed in most patients with glioblastoma (GBM) but not in normal brain. IL-13RA2 has been exploited in novel experimental therapies with very encouraging clinical responses. Other receptors are specifically over-expressed in many patients with GBM, such as EphA2 and EphA3 receptors, among others. These findings are important in view of the heterogeneity of GBM tumors and multiple tumor compartments responsible for tumor progression and resistance to therapies. The combined targeting of multiple receptors in different tumor compartments should be a preferred way to design novel receptor-targeted therapeutic approaches in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sharma
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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19
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Glioblastoma niches: from the concept to the phenotypical reality. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:1161-1168. [PMID: 29736738 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the concept of niches as sites of tumor progression, invasion, and angiogenesis in glioblastoma (GB) has been extensively debated. Niches, considered the sites in which glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) reside, have been classified as perivascular, perinecrotic, and invasive. However, from a neuropathological point of view, it is not easy to establish when a tumor structure can be considered a niche. The relevant literature has been reviewed in the light of our recent experience on the subject. As for perinecrotic niches, the occurrence of GSCs around necrosis is interpreted as triggered by hypoxia through HIF-1α. Our alternative hypothesis is that, together with progenitors, they are the cell constituents of hyper-proliferative areas of GB, where perinecrotic niches have developed, and they would, therefore, represent the remnants of GSCs/progenitors spared by the developing necrosis. Perivascular structures originate from both transport vessels and exchange vessels, i.e., venules, arterioles, or the undefinable neo-formed small vessels, but only those in which a direct contact between GSCs/progenitors and endothelial cells occurs can be called niches. Both pericytes and microglia/macrophages play a role in niche function: Macrophages of blood origin invade GB only after the appearance of "mother vessels" with consequent blood-brain barrier disruption. Not all vessel/tumor cell structures can be considered niches, that is, crucial sites of tumor progression, invasion, and angiogenesis.
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20
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Guo X, Qiu W, Liu Q, Qian M, Wang S, Zhang Z, Gao X, Chen Z, Xue H, Li G. Immunosuppressive effects of hypoxia-induced glioma exosomes through myeloid-derived suppressor cells via the miR-10a/Rora and miR-21/Pten Pathways. Oncogene 2018; 37:4239-4259. [PMID: 29713056 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While immunosuppressive environments mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been well documented in glioma patients, the mechanisms of MDSC development and activation have not been clearly defined. Here, we elucidated a role for glioma-derived exosomes (GDEs) in potentiating an MDSC pathway. We isolated normoxia-stimulated and hypoxia-stimulated GDEs and studied their MDSC induction abilities in vivo and in vitro. Analyses of spleen and bone marrow MDSC proportions (flow cytometry) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), arginase activity, nitric oxide (NO), T-cell proliferation and immunosuppressive cytokine (IL-10 and TGF-β, ELISA) levels were used to assess MDSC expansion and functional capacity. We also performed microRNA (miRNA) sequencing analysis of two types of GDEs to find miRNAs that potentially mediate the development and activation of MDSCs. GDE miRNA intracellular signaling in MDSCs was also studied. Hypoxia promoted the secretion of GDEs, and mouse MDSCs could uptake GDEs. Hypoxia-stimulated GDEs had a stronger ability to induce MDSCs than N-GDEs. The hypoxia-inducible expression of miR-10a and miR-21 in GDEs mediated GDE-induced MDSC expansion and activation by targeting RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Mice inoculated with miR-10a or miR-21 knockout glioma cells generated fewer MDSCs than those inoculated with normal glioma cells. These data elucidated a mechanism by which glioma cells influence the differentiation and activation of MDSCs via exosomes and demonstrated how local glioma hypoxia affects the entirety of tumor immune environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Guo
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Qian
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zongpu Zhang
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zihang Chen
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xue
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Gang Li
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, P.R. China.
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21
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Gieryng A, Pszczolkowska D, Bocian K, Dabrowski M, Rajan WD, Kloss M, Mieczkowski J, Kaminska B. Immune microenvironment of experimental rat C6 gliomas resembles human glioblastomas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17556. [PMID: 29242629 PMCID: PMC5730558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, with ineffective anti-tumor responses and a poor prognosis despite aggressive treatments. GBM immune microenvironment is heterogenous and activation of specific immune populations in GBM is not fully characterized. Reliable animal models are critical for defining mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity. First we analyzed the immune subpopulations present in rat C6 gliomas. Using flow cytometry we determined kinetics of infiltration of myeloid cells and T lymphocytes into glioma-bearing brains. We found significant increases of the amoeboid, pro-tumorigenic microglia/macrophages, T helper (Th) and T regulatory (Treg) cells in tumor-bearing brains, and rare infiltrating T cytotoxic (Tc) cells. Transcriptomic analyses of glioma-bearing hemispheres revealed overexpression of invasion and immunosuppression-related genes, reflecting the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Microglia, sorted as CD11b+CD45low cells from gliomas, displayed the pro-invasive and immunosuppressive type of activation. Accumulation of Th and Treg cells combined with the reduced presence of Tc lymphocytes in rat gliomas may result in the lack of effective anti–tumor responses. Transcriptional profiles of CD11b+ cells and composition of immune infiltrates in C6 gliomas indicate that rat C6 gliomas employ similar immune system evasion strategies as human GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gieryng
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Dominika Pszczolkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bocian
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michal Dabrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wenson David Rajan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michal Kloss
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jakub Mieczkowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
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22
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Lannes N, Eppler E, Etemad S, Yotovski P, Filgueira L. Microglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114393-114413. [PMID: 29371994 PMCID: PMC5768411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have a special origin, as they derive from the embryonic yolk sac and enter the developing CNS at a very early stage. They play an important role during CNS development and adult homeostasis. They have a major contribution to adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Thus, they participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to aging. They play an important role in sustaining and breaking the blood-brain barrier. As innate immune cells, they contribute substantially to the immune response against infectious agents affecting the CNS. They play also a major role in the growth of tumours of the CNS. Microglia are consequently the key cell population linking the nervous and the immune system. This review covers all different aspects of microglia biology and pathology in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Eppler
- Pestalozzistrasse Zo, Department of BioMedicine, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samar Etemad
- Building 71/218 RBWH Herston, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD 4029 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Yotovski
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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