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Lei Z, Pang X, Li L, Mei Q, Dong W. [Development of a high intensity focused ultrasound device for bio-samples preparation]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2024; 41:152-159. [PMID: 38403616 PMCID: PMC10894731 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202304061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A miniaturized, low-cost high-intensity focused ultrasound device is developed for the problems of cross-contamination and uneven sample fragmentation in conventional ultrasound devices. This device generates ultrasonic waves through a concave spherical self-focusing piezoelectric ceramic piece, and creates a cavitation effect in the focusing area to achieve sample fragmentation. The feasibility of the device is demonstrated by physical simulation, then a driving circuit with adjustable power is designed and manufactured to generate 0 ~ 22.4 W acoustic power, and finally paraffin-embedded sample dewaxing experiments are performed to verify the validation of the device. The experimental results show that the dewaxing efficiency and safety of the high-intensity focused ultrasound device is significantly better than those of traditional chemical methods, and this device is comparable with commercial ultrasonic instruments. In summary, the high-intensity focused ultrasound device is expected to be applied in automated nucleic acid extraction and purification equipment and has a broad application prospect in the field of sample pre-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubing Lei
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, P. R. China
| | - Xinpei Pang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, P. R. China
| | - Qian Mei
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, P. R. China
| | - Wenfei Dong
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, P. R. China
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Vitošević K, Todorović D, Slović Ž, Varljen T, Radaković I, Radojević D, Čanović V, Todorović M. The quality of DNA isolated from autopsy formalin-fixed and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues: study of 1662 samples. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6323-6336. [PMID: 37310548 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are enormous formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue archives and a constantly growing number of methods for molecular analyses but, the isolation of DNA from this tissue is still challenging due to the damaging effect of formalin on DNA. To determine the extent to which DNA purity, yield and integrity depend on the process of fixation in formalin, and to what extent on the process of tissue paraffin embedding, we compared the quality of DNA isolated from fixed tissues and DNA isolated from tissues embedded in paraffin blocks after fixation. METHODS AND RESULTS Heart, liver and brain tissues obtained from healthy people who suddenly died a violent death were fixed in 10% buffered formalin as well as in 4% unbuffered formalin for 6 h, 1-7 days (every 24 h), 10, 14, 28 days and 2 months. Additionally, the same tissues were fixed in 4% unbuffered formalin embedded in a paraffin block and stored from a few months to 30 years. The yield and purity of the DNA samples isolated from these tissues were measured using spectrophotometry. PCR amplification of the hTERT gene was performed to evaluate the degree of DNA fragmentation. Although the purity of the DNA isolated from almost all tissue samples was satisfactory, the DNA yields changed significantly. There was a decrease in successful PCR amplification of the hTERT gene in DNA samples isolated from tissue fixed in buffered and unbuffered formalin for up to 2 months from 100% to 8.3%. Archiving the tissue in paraffin blocks for up to 30 years also impacts the integrity of DNA, so there was a decrease in PCR amplification of the hTERT gene from 91% success to 3%. CONCLUSION The largest decrease in DNA yield was observed after tissue formalin fixation after 14 days of fixation in buffered and unbuffered formalin. DNA integrity depends on the time of tissue formalin fixation, especially after 6 days for tissue fixed in unbuffered formalin, while for tissue fixed in buffered formalin the time is prolonged up to 28 days. The age of paraffin blocks also impacted DNA integrity, after 1 year and 16 years of archiving the paraffin blocks of tissues, there was a decrease in the success of PCR amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Vitošević
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Kragujevac, Serbia.
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Danijela Todorović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Živana Slović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Varljen
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Radaković
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dušan Radojević
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vanja Čanović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miloš Todorović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Rivera JA, Rengifo AC, Rosales-Munar A, Díaz-Herrera TH, Ciro JU, Parra E, Alvarez-Díaz DA, Laiton-Donato K, Caldas ML. Genotyping of dengue virus from infected tissue samples embedded in paraffin. Virol J 2023; 20:100. [PMID: 37231481 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue has become one of the vector-borne diseases that affect humans worldwide. In Latin American countries, Colombia is historically one of the most affected by epidemics of this flavivirus. The underreporting of signs and symptoms of probable cases of dengue, the lack of characterization of the serotypes of the infection, and the few detailed studies of postmortem necropsies of patients are among other conditions that have delayed progress in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease. This study presents the results of fragment sequencing assays on paraffin-embedded tissue samples from fatal DENV cases during the 2010 epidemic in Colombia. We found that the predominant serotype was DENV-2, with the Asian/American genotype of lineages 1 and 2. This work is one of the few reports of the circulating genotypes of dengue during the 2010 epidemic in Colombia, one of the most lethal dates in the country's history.
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Grants
- contract 757 project 2013 Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública (DISP), and the Colombian Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Minciencias)
- contract 757 project 2013 Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública (DISP), and the Colombian Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Minciencias)
- contract 757 project 2013 Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública (DISP), and the Colombian Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Minciencias)
- contract 757 project 2013 Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública (DISP), and the Colombian Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Minciencias)
- contract 757 project 2013 Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública (DISP), and the Colombian Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Minciencias)
- contract 757 project 2013 Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública (DISP), and the Colombian Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Minciencias)
- contract 757 project 2013 Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública (DISP), and the Colombian Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Minciencias)
- contract 757 project 2013 Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública (DISP), and the Colombian Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Minciencias)
- contract 757 project 2013 Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública (DISP), and the Colombian Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Minciencias)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alonso Rivera
- Dirección de investigación en Salud Pública, Grupo de Morfología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Avenue 26 No. 51-20 - Zone 6 CAN, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Aura Caterine Rengifo
- Dirección de investigación en Salud Pública, Grupo de Morfología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Avenue 26 No. 51-20 - Zone 6 CAN, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Alicia Rosales-Munar
- Dirección de investigación en Salud Pública, Grupo de Morfología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Avenue 26 No. 51-20 - Zone 6 CAN, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Taylor H Díaz-Herrera
- Dirección de investigación en Salud Pública, Grupo de Morfología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Avenue 26 No. 51-20 - Zone 6 CAN, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José Usme Ciro
- CIST-Centro de Investigaciones en Salud Para el Trópico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, 47003, Colombia
| | - Edgar Parra
- Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Grupo de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego A Alvarez-Díaz
- Dirección de investigación en Salud Pública, Grupo de Genómica de Microorganismos Emergentes, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Katherine Laiton-Donato
- Dirección de investigación en Salud Pública, Grupo de Genómica de Microorganismos Emergentes, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Leonor Caldas
- Dirección de investigación en Salud Pública, Grupo de Morfología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Avenue 26 No. 51-20 - Zone 6 CAN, Bogotá, Colombia
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An automated system for nucleic acid extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples using high intensity focused ultrasound technology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:8201-8213. [PMID: 36260128 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples are routinely used in prospective and retrospective studies. It is crucial to obtain high-quality nucleic acid (NA) from FFPE samples for downstream molecular analysis, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing, and microarray, in both clinical diagnosis and basic research. The current NA extraction methods from FFPE samples using chemical solvent are tedious, environmentally unfriendly, and unamenable to automation or field deployment. We present a tool for NA extraction from FFPE samples using a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) technology. A cartridge strip containing reagents for FFPE sample deparaffinization and NA extraction and purification is operated by an automation tool consisting of a HIFU module, a liquid handling robot unit, and accessories including a thermal block and magnets. The HIFU module is a single concaved piezoelectric ceramic plate driven by a current-mode class-D power amplifier. Based on the ultrasonic cavitation effects, the HIFU module provides highly concentrated energy introducing paraffin emulsification and disintegration. The high quantity and quality of NA extracted using the reported system are evaluated by PCR and compared with the quantity and quality of NA extracted using the current standard methods.
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El-Haddad NW, El Kawak M, El Asmar K, Jabbour ME, Moussa MA, Habib RR, Dhaini HR. AhRR methylation contributes to disease progression in urothelial bladder cancer. Cancer Biomark 2022; 35:167-177. [PMID: 36093686 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-220002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder Cancer (BCa) is the tenth most incidental malignancy worldwide. BCa is mostly attributed to environmental exposure and lifestyle, particularly tobacco smoking. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Repressor (AhRR) participates in the induction of many enzymes involved in metabolizing carcinogens, including tobacco smoke components. Additionally, studies have shown that smoking demethylates the (AhRR) gene in blood, suggesting AhRR demethylation as a specific serum smoking biomarker. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to validate AhRR demethylation as a smoking biomarker in the target tissue and investigate its contribution to bladder carcinogenesis. METHODS AhRR percent methylation was tested for its association with patient smoking status and oncogenic outcome indicators, particularly p53, RB1, and FGFR3 activating mutations, muscle-invasiveness, and tumor grade, in 180 BCa tissue-based DNA. RESULTS Results showed significantly higher AhRR percent methylation in muscle-invasive compared to non-muscle invasive tumors (42.86% vs. 33.98%; p= 0.011), while lower AhRR methylation was significantly associated with FGFR3 Codon 248 mutant genotype compared to wild-type (28.11% ± 9.44 vs. 37.87% ± 22.53; p= 0.036). All other tested associations were non-statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Although AhRR methylation did not predict smoking status in BCa tumors, it seems to play a role in carcinogenesis and disease progression. Our findings make a basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly W El-Haddad
- Department of Environmental Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michelle El Kawak
- Department of Environmental Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Khalil El Asmar
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michel E Jabbour
- Department of Urology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad A Moussa
- Department of Urology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Al-Zahraa University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima R Habib
- Department of Environmental Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan R Dhaini
- Department of Environmental Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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6
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Talukdar FR, Abramović I, Cuenin C, Carreira C, Gangane N, Sincic N, Herceg Z. A protocol for good quality genomic DNA isolation from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues without using commercial kits. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4115-4121. [PMID: 35359238 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA isolation from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues for molecular analysis has become a frequent procedure in cancer research. However, the yield or quality of the isolated DNA is often compromised, and commercial kits are used to overcome this to some extent. METHODS We developed a new protocol (IARCp) to improve the quality and yield of DNA from FFPE tissues without using any commercial kit. To evaluate the IARCp's performance, we compared the quality and yield of DNA with two commercial kits, namely NucleoSpin® DNA FFPE XS (MN) and QIAamp DNA Micro (QG) isolation kit. RESULTS Total DNA yield for QG ranged from 120.0 to 282.0 ng (mean 216.5 ng), for MN: 213.6-394.2 ng (mean 319.1 ng), and with IARCp the yield was much higher ranging from 775.5 to 1896.9 ng (mean 1517.8 ng). Moreover, IARCp has also performed well in qualitative assessments by spectrophotometer, fluorometer, and real-time PCR assay. CONCLUSION Overall, IARCp represents a novel approach to DNA isolation from FFPE which results in good quality and significant amounts of DNA suitable for many downstream genome-wide and targeted molecular analyses. This protocol does not require the use of any commercial kits or phenol for isolating DNA from FFPE tissues, making it suitable to implement in low-resource settings such as low and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlur Rahman Talukdar
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69008, Lyon Cedex 08, France.
| | - Irena Abramović
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cyrille Cuenin
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69008, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Christine Carreira
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69008, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Nitin Gangane
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
| | - Nino Sincic
- Scientific Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69008, Lyon Cedex 08, France
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Liu C, Liu X, Wang R, Chen L, Zhao H, Zhou Y. A Novel NCSTN Mutation in a Three-Generation Chinese Family with Hidradenitis Suppurative. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:1540774. [PMID: 35368949 PMCID: PMC8970804 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1540774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by inflamed nodules, cysts, deep abscesses, draining sinuses in the axillae, inguinal, and anogenital regions. Mutations in the NCSTN gene have been perceived to be responsible for the major underlying changes in the disorder. The purpose of this study is to identify a novel gene mutation in a Chinese family with HS. Methods A Chinese family with HS present was investigated. The proband had manifested with multiple draining sinuses on the posterior neck, chest, bilateral axillae, and perineal regions. DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood of the family members. The encoding exons with introns of the NCSTN gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing. Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm the next-generation sequencing results and to analyze each mutation's familial segregation. Furthermore, the identified mutation was localized onto a 3D structure model using the DeepView Swiss-PdbViewer 4.1 software. Results In this family comprising 10 HS patients, one novel mutation of the NCSTN gene was identified, involving a deletion mutation (c.447delC(p.N150Ifs∗52)) in the NCSTN gene resulting in a frameshift and the new formation of a hydrogen bond. Conclusion Our study reports the identification of a novel mutation that causes familial HS and could expand the spectrum of mutations in the γ-secretase genes underlying HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengling Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xingchen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Beijing Mygenostics Co, LTD., Beijing 101318, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Wang L, Guo S, Zeng B, Wang S, Chen Y, Cheng S, Liu B, Wang C, Wang Y, Meng Q. Draft Genome Assembly and Annotation for Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis NICC30027, an Oleaginous Yeast Capable of Simultaneous Glucose and Xylose Assimilation. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:69-81. [PMID: 35291590 PMCID: PMC8890563 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2038844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The identification of oleaginous yeast species capable of simultaneously utilizing xylose and glucose as substrates to generate value-added biological products is an area of key economic interest. We have previously demonstrated that the Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis NICC30027 yeast strain is capable of simultaneously assimilating both xylose and glucose, resulting in considerable lipid accumulation. However, as no high-quality genome sequencing data or associated annotations for this strain are available at present, it remains challenging to study the metabolic mechanisms underlying this phenotype. Herein, we report a 39,305,439 bp draft genome assembly for C. dermatis NICC30027 comprised of 37 scaffolds, with 60.15% GC content. Within this genome, we identified 524 tRNAs, 142 sRNAs, 53 miRNAs, 28 snRNAs, and eight rRNA clusters. Moreover, repeat sequences totaling 1,032,129 bp in length were identified (2.63% of the genome), as were 14,238 unigenes that were 1,789.35 bp in length on average (64.82% of the genome). The NCBI non-redundant protein sequences (NR) database was employed to successfully annotate 11,795 of these unigenes, while 3,621 and 11,902 were annotated with the Swiss-Prot and TrEMBL databases, respectively. Unigenes were additionally subjected to pathway enrichment analyses using the Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG), Clusters of orthologous groups for eukaryotic complete genomes (KOG), and Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG) databases. Together, these results provide a foundation for future studies aimed at clarifying the mechanistic basis for the ability of C. dermatis NICC30027 to simultaneously utilize glucose and xylose to synthesize lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyou Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | - Shuxian Guo
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | - Shuang Cheng
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingshan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Luiz RLF, Menezes RC, Pereira SA, de Oliveira RDVC, Oliveira MME. Nested PCR for the Diagnosis of Feline Sporotrichosis From Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Samples Using Different DNA Extraction Protocols. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:755897. [PMID: 35071377 PMCID: PMC8766819 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.755897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a chronic, cosmopolitan granulomatous mycosis that affects humans and animals. The infection is caused by the dimorphic fungi Sporothrix sp. The aims of the present study were to evaluate, standardize and validate a nested PCR technique using two DNA purification kits for the extraction of DNA from formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) for Sporothrix sp. detection. FFPE mycological culture pellet samples of different Sporothrix species (S. chilensis, S. mexicana, S. pallida, S. globosa, S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii) were used as positive controls and clinical FFPE tissue samples of animals positive for Cryptococcus sp., Leishmania infantum and Histoplasma sp. were used as negative controls. Ten clinical FFPE skin samples from cats with sporotrichosis were used to validate the nested PCR. These samples were cut into two distinct paraffin sectioning protocols (5 and 16 μm thick). The paraffin sections were subjected to two different DNA extraction kits (chemical and thermal extractions). A nested PCR was performed on the extracted DNA to identify the genus Sporothrix. The chemical extraction protocol with the 5 μm thick paraffin section was more effective in extracting DNA from Sporothrix sp. from FFPE samples and the nested PCR technique showed the highest sensitivities (100% in the positive controls and of 50% in the skin samples of cats) and specificity (100%). Therefore, the nested PCR using this protocol has great potential to be applied in Sporothrix sp. diagnosis in FFPE samples of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Leal Faria Luiz
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Di Candia D, Boracchi M, Gentile G, Giordano G, Zoja R. Histological paraffin-embedded block: a good alternative specimen to detect the use of opiates at least 20 years ago. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:302-311. [PMID: 36454408 PMCID: PMC9715498 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the solely certain remnants of a performed autopsy are formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, stored in the archives of every institute of legal medicine, we managed to extract molecules of toxicological interest from these specimens. METHODS We assessed the analysis of ten fresh liver samples collected from heroin-related deaths and then histologically processed the same samples. The embedded blocks were then extracted by means of a new extracting method and the eluates were measured. We also selected five toxicological cases of heroin-related fatalities that were examined 20 years ago, collected the toxicological result documents of the analysis that were carried out at the time and then processed the corresponding FFPE liver samples that were stored in the archives. RESULTS We managed to isolate heroine-related metabolites from 20-year-old paraffin-embedded blocks and calculated ratios to evaluate the performance of our new extraction. CONCLUSIONS According to our study, it is feasible to carry out a toxicological examination on old histological samples and, therefore, this matrix can be considered as a new alternative specimen for chemical-analytical evaluations of past cases or when fresh samples are not available anymore. The new extractive method was evaluated as efficient in treating these complex, paraffin-embedded samples. It was surprising that the target compounds could be quantitated from FFPE bocks created as long as 20 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Di Candia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute-Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Boracchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute-Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Guendalina Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute-Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute-Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zoja
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute-Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milan, Italy
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11
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Paul P, Rajput S, Joshi P, Naithani M, Chowdhury N, Rao S, Pai MO. Comparison of Fluorometric and UV Spectrophotometric Findings for DNA Isolated From Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Blocks, Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Smears, and Blood. Cureus 2021; 13:e19583. [PMID: 34926054 PMCID: PMC8672151 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smear may serve as a convenient sample for DNA extraction for molecular pathology in addition to more commonly used formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections. DNA quantification done by fluorometer is more accurate than UV vis spectrophotometer regardless of the source. This study was conducted to compare DNA yield and quality from cytology smears, FFPE sections and peripheral blood using both fluorometer and spectrophotometer. Further, introspection was made to check for the adequacy of DNA extracted from cytology smears with respect to DNA extracted from core biopsies. Method: DNA was extracted from 10 fresh peripheral blood samples, core biopsies and FNAC smears. The DNA was quantified using a fluorimeter and UV vis spectrophotometer in all cases. Results: Statistically significant difference was seen between the data obtained from UV vis spectrophotometry and flourometry. The quantity of DNA extracted from FNAC smears was higher than that of core biopsy as per fluorometry data (mean DNA of core biopsy = 1.9ng/µl, of FNAC = 3.3ng/µl). Conclusion: DNA estimation by fluorometry is more accurate and precise than spectrophotometry in FFPE, FNAC and whole blood samples. DNA yield from FNAC slides is comparable to that from core biopsies.
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12
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Antonello M, Scutari R, Lauricella C, Renica S, Motta V, Torri S, Russo C, Gentile L, Cento V, Colagrossi L, Mattana G, Codecasa LR, Vismara C, Scaglione F, Veronese SM, Bonoldi E, Bandera A, Gori A, Mazzola E, Perno CF, Alteri C. Rapid Detection and Quantification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in Paraffinized Samples by Droplet Digital PCR: A Preliminary Study. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:727774. [PMID: 34589075 PMCID: PMC8475183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.727774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Rapid and reliable diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) represents a diagnostic challenge in compartmentalized extrapulmonary TB infection because of the small number of mycobacteria (MTB) and the frequent lack of fresh samples to perform culture. Here, we estimate the performances of homemade droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)-based assays against culture in 89 biopsies, for those fresh and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) subsamples were available. Methods: MTB diagnosis in fresh subsamples was performed by culture. Fresh subsamples were also analyzed for acid-fast bacilli smear-microscopy (AFB) and Xpert® MTB/RIF (Xpert). MTB examination was repeated in blind in the 89 FFPE subsamples by in-house ddPCR assays targeting the IS6110 and rpoB. Analytical sensitivity of ddPCR assays was evaluated using serial dilution of H37Rv strain. Limit of detection (LOD) was calculated by probit analysis. Results were expressed in copies/106 cells. Results: IS6110 and rpoB ddPCR assays showed a good linear correlation between expected and observed values (R2: 0.9907 and 0.9743, respectively). Probit analyses predicted a LOD of 17 and 40 copies/106 cells of MTB DNA for IS6110 and rpoB, respectively. Of the 89 biopsies, 68 were culture positive and 21 were culture negative. Considering mycobacterial culture as reference method, IS6110 assay yielded positive results in 67/68 culture-positive samples with a median interquartile range (IQR) of 1,680 (550–8,444) copies/106 cells (sensitivity: 98.5%; accuracy: 98.9). These performances were superior to those reported by the rpoB assay in FFPE subsamples (sensitivity: 66.20%; accuracy: 74.1) and even superior to those reported by Xpert and AFB in fresh subsamples (sensitivity: 79.4 and 33.8%, respectively; accuracy: 84.3 and 49.4, respectively). When Xpert and AFB results were stratified according to mycobacterial load detected by rpoB and IS6110 ddPCR, bacterial load was lower in Xpert and AFB negative with respect to Xpert and AFB-positive samples (p = 0.003 and 0.01 for rpoB and p = 0.01 and 0.11 for IS6110), confirming the poor sensitivity of these methods in paucibacillary disease. Conclusion: ddPCR provides highly sensitive, accurate, and rapid MTB diagnosis in FFPE samples, as defined by the high concordance between IS6110 assay and culture results. This approach can be safely introduced in clinical routine to accelerate MTB diagnosis mainly when culture results remain unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonello
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Scutari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,"Rome, Italy
| | - Calogero Lauricella
- Department of Pathology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Renica
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Motta
- Department of Pathology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Torri
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Chemical-Clinical and Microbiology Analyses, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonarda Gentile
- Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Cento
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luna Colagrossi
- Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giordana Mattana
- Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Ruffo Codecasa
- Regional TB Reference Centre, Villa Marelli Institute, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Vismara
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Chemical-Clinical and Microbiology Analyses, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Microbiology, Department of Chemical-Clinical and Microbiology Analyses, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Bonoldi
- Department of Pathology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ester Mazzola
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Chemical-Clinical and Microbiology Analyses, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Alteri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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13
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Nguyen HT, Tatipamula VB, Do DN, Huynh TC, Dang MK. Retrieving high-quality genomic DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues for multiple molecular analyses. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:48-55. [PMID: 34047684 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1923030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues represent the biggest source of archival materials for molecular biology research and pathology investigations. Nevertheless, fixation by formalin may cause denaturation and modification of macromolecules constraining DNA quality and its downstream applications. In this study, we developed a fast, simple, and cost-effective phenol/chloroform-based protocol for the extraction of high-quality DNA from 101 FFPE colorectal cancer tissue blocks that can be used in multiple molecular studies. DNA samples extracted using this phenol/chloroform protocol and the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue kit were evaluated for the quantity, quality, and amplificability. Spectrophotometer analyses revealed significantly higher quality and quantity of DNA samples obtained with the phenol/chloroform protocol as compared to those of the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue kit. In addition, the amplificability of these samples as assessed by conventional and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing and fragment analyses presented an absolute success rate. Additionally, it is able to amplify a DNA fragment of 725 base-pairs at an adequate amount for downstream applications. This fast, simple, and cost-effective method may facilitate the molecular analyses of a large number of FFPE specimens that best suits the needs of the overall study design in terms of the quality and quantity of the extracted DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam.,Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Vinay Bharadwaj Tatipamula
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam.,Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Duy Ngoc Do
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Thien Chi Huynh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Mai Kim Dang
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
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14
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Shukla NI, Siva N, Sivakumar M, Parveen R, Mishra A, Shah A, Medicherla K, Suravajhala P. Extraction of DNA and RNA from Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Tissue Specimens. Bio Protoc 2021. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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15
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Nie Z, Huang X, Hu Z, Li X, Yin H, Li J. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Camellia yuhsienensis Hu, a resilient shrub with strong floral fragrance. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2020; 5:2998-2999. [PMID: 33458032 PMCID: PMC7783147 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1797580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Camellia yuhsienensis Hu is an economically valuable species in the genus Camellia. It is widely used for breeding ornaments and oil varieties. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of C. yuhsienensis is assembled and annotated. The whole cp genome of C. yuhsienensis is 156,912 bp in size, composed of a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,296 bp and a large single copy (LSC) region of 86,560 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, IRA: 86,561–112,588; IRB: 130,885–156,912). The overall GC content of C. yuhsienensis cp genome is 37.3%, with the base content A (31.08%), T (31.63%), C (19.02%), and G (18.27%). The phylogenetic analysis of 15 Camellia species based on 77 protein-coding genes shows that C. yuhsienensis is evolutionarily close to Camellia taliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Nie
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingzhao Huang
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhikang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Akello JO, Leib SL, Engler O, Beuret C. Evaluation of Viral RNA Recovery Methods in Vectors by Metagenomic Sequencing. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050562. [PMID: 32438629 PMCID: PMC7290855 DOI: 10.3390/v12050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification and characterization of viral genomes in vectors including ticks and mosquitoes positive for pathogens of great public health concern using metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) has challenges. One such challenge is the ability to efficiently recover viral RNA which is typically dependent on sample processing. We evaluated the quantitative effect of six different extraction methods in recovering viral RNA in vectors using negative tick homogenates spiked with serial dilutions of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and surrogate Langat virus (LGTV). Evaluation was performed using qPCR and mNGS. Sensitivity and proof of concept of optimal method was tested using naturally positive TBEV tick homogenates and positive dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus mosquito homogenates. The amount of observed viral genome copies, percentage of mapped reads, and genome coverage varied among different extractions methods. The developed Method 5 gave a 120.8-, 46-, 2.5-, 22.4-, and 9.9-fold increase in the number of viral reads mapping to the expected pathogen in comparison to Method 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. Our developed Method 5 termed ROVIV (Recovery of Viruses in Vectors) greatly improved viral RNA recovery and identification in vectors using mNGS. Therefore, it may be a more sensitive method for use in arbovirus surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Odeke Akello
- Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland;
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland;
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (J.O.A.); (C.B.); Tel.: +41-316328646 (J.O.A.); +41-584681664 (C.B.)
| | - Stephen L. Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Olivier Engler
- Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland;
| | - Christian Beuret
- Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (J.O.A.); (C.B.); Tel.: +41-316328646 (J.O.A.); +41-584681664 (C.B.)
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