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Iwanaga J. The alveolar canals and foramina in the first edition of Terminologia Oroanatomica: a preview. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:461-468. [PMID: 38573584 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Anatomy was initially developed out of necessity to decrease surgery complications. Over time, anatomists and surgeons have sometimes used different terms for the same anatomical structures, thus resulting in numerous discrepancies in terminology between anatomy and surgery. To avoid any confusion or misunderstanding and to better elucidate the oral anatomy terms, the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) organized a group of specialists on oral anatomy, Terminologia Oroanatomica (ToA) working group, composed of dentists, anatomy researchers, anatomy educators, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, and oral and maxillofacial radiologists. Within the ToA working group, major anatomical structures in the mandible, such as the mandibular canal, were focused and discussed to determine the most appropriate term, i.e., inferior alveolar canal. Although yet to be approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA), this article will preview some changes suggested by the ToA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, 131 S. Robertson St. Suite 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Mathew A, N M. Prevalence, length, and patterns of Anterior Loop among the South Indian population: A comparative study between Panoramic Radiography and Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Porto Biomed J 2023; 8:e216. [PMID: 37362018 PMCID: PMC10289755 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the prevalence, length, and patterns of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve by panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methodology A prospective study was conducted on 300 mental foramen regions by exposing them to panoramic radiography and CBCT scan. Two individual observers evaluated the images to assess the presence of an anterior loop, the mean length of the loop, and the most frequent pattern of the loop in our population. Result Analysis The prevalence of the anterior loop for male patients and female patients by panoramic radiography was 34% and 32% on the right side and 30% and 36% on left side, respectively. By CBCT, the corresponding values were 69% and 72% on the right and left side, respectively, for male patients, and 73% and 81% on the right and left side, for female patients, respectively. Conclusion The results from our study strongly emphasize the need for CBCT imaging before planning for procedures in the mental foramen region because the prevalence, length, and pattern of loop significantly varies with respect to age, sex, and population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Mathew
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Perumthuruthy, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
| | - Mohan N
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vinayaka Missions Sankarachariyar Dental College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Narrowing genioplasty is commonly performed among East Asian populations, as a broad and/or square chin can be aesthetically unappealing. This study was aimed to introduce the home plate-shaped sliding osteotomy technique for narrowing genioplasty and to evaluate the results of this technique. METHODS A retrospective chart review of 117 patients who underwent home plate-shaped sliding osteotomy alone between 2011 and 2019 was performed. The angles of oblique osteotomy lines and measurements of caudal repositioning, which significantly affect the postoperative chin shape, were evaluated. RESULTS The home plate-shaped sliding osteotomy technique was successfully accomplished for narrowing genioplasty as an isolated procedure. The mean distance of caudal repositioning was 3.9 ± 0.8 mm, and the mean angles of oblique osteotomy lines were 23.3 ± 4.8 degrees on the right and 21.8 ± 3.5 degrees on the left. This produced an aesthetically pleasing rounded and proportionately narrow chin. The incidence of minor complications was 6.0 percent. There were no major complications. In particular, the risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury was obviated, as an additional mandibular border osteotomy was not typically used with this technique. CONCLUSIONS This new surgical procedure for narrowing genioplasty provides improved aesthetic results by altering the chin shape, rather than reducing the transverse width of the chin. The versatility of this procedure allows the chin shape to be adjusted with respect to narrowing, vertical lengthening, anterior advancement, and asymmetric or cleft chin correction. The present study suggests that home plate-shaped sliding genioplasty may be an excellent alternative for correcting broad and/or square chins and more complex chin deformities. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, IV.
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Nayak U, Vadgaonkar R, Pai MM, Murlimanju BV. A case of inferior alveolar nerve encircling the arteria maxillaris. Anat Cell Biol 2020; 53:240-243. [PMID: 32647091 PMCID: PMC7343564 DOI: 10.5115/acb.19.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a case of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), which had variability in its formation. IAN was formed by dual roots, which were branching out from the posterior division of mandibular nerve. The observed roots were forming a loop around the pterygoid part of arteria maxillaris (MA). One of the roots was superficial to the MA and the other was deep to it. It is believed that this type of morphological variation in the formation of IAN can have clinial implications, which include compression by adjacent structures and nerve entrapment. The knowledge of this variation is important to anaesthesiologists and dentists, while administering local anaesthesia. This is also enlightening to the maxillofacial surgeons, neurologists and radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unnathi Nayak
- Third Semester MBBS Student, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mangala M Pai
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - B V Murlimanju
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Correa S, Lopes Motta RH, Silva MBF, Figueroba SR, Groppo FC, Ramacciato JC. Position of the Mandibular Foramen in Different Facial Shapes Assessed by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography - A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study. Open Dent J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210601913010544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose:
The mandibular foramen, located on the internal surface of the mandibular ramus, is an important anatomical landmark for the success during the inferior alveolar nerve block. This cross-sectional retrospective study aimed to evaluate the location of the mandibular foramen through Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in different facial shapes.
Materials and Methods:
The determination of the location of the mandibular foramen was performed using CBCT of mesocephalic, dolichocephalic and brachycephalic patients (n=40 each). The ramus width (W), the distance from the mandibular foramen to the deepest point of the anterior border of the mandibular ramus (D), the distance from the mandibular foramen to the lowest point of the mandibular notch (V) and the distance from the inferior border of the mandible to the lowest point in of the mandibular border (R), as well as the ratios W/D and V/R, were measured. ANCOVA, two-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used to analyze the variation among the facial shapes.
Results:
The ramus width (W) was greater (p<0.0001) in the brachycephalic (28.4±0.5 mm) than in both mesocephalic (26.8±0.36 mm) and dolichocephalic (25.5±0.39 mm) patients. D (p=0.0433) and R (p=0.0072) were also greater in the brachycephalic (17.7±0.36 mm; 43.4±0.75 mm, respectively) than dolichocephalic (16.5±0.3 mm; 40.3±0.63 mm, respectively), but both did not differ from mesocephalic (17.3±0.36 mm; 41.8±0.66 mm, respectively) patients. The other measurements (V, W/D and R/V) did not significantly differ among facial shapes.
Conclusion:
The localization of the mandibular foramen was, in the horizontal direction, more posterior in the brachycephalic patients and, in the vertical direction, higher in the dolichocephalic patients, when compared to the other groups analyzed. Thus, the anatomic data found in this study may help dentists to increase the success of the inferior alveolar nerve block and prevent surgical complications.
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Shaban B, Khajavi A, Khaki N, Mohiti Y, Mehri T, Kermani H. Assessment of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve via cone-beam computed tomography. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 43:395-400. [PMID: 29333369 PMCID: PMC5756796 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.6.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate different anatomical variants of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) via cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods CBCT images of 71 patients (36 males and 35 females) were evaluated. We used the classification described by Solar for IAN evaluation. In this classification, three different types of IAN loops were introduced prior to emerging from the mental foramen. We classified patients according to this system and introduced a new, fourth type. Results Type I was seen in 15 sites (10.6%), type II in 39 sites (27.5%), and type III in 50 sites (35.2%). We found a new type in 38 sites (26.8%) that constituted a fourth type. Conclusion We found that type III was the most common variant. In the fourth type, the IAN was not detectable because the main nerve was adjacent to the cortical plate and the incisive branch was thinner than the main branch and alongside it. In this type, more care is needed for surgeries including inferior alveolar and mental nerve transposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baratollah Shaban
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Khajavi
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nasim Khaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yones Mohiti
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tahere Mehri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Kermani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Jeon YH, Lee CK, Kim HJ, Chung JH, Kim HJ, Yu SK. 3-dimensional reconstruction of mandibular canal at the interforaminal region using micro-computed tomography in Korean. J Adv Prosthodont 2017; 9:470-475. [PMID: 29279767 PMCID: PMC5741451 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2017.9.6.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hyun Jeon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Kwon Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Kim
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Heon Chung
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Joong Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Yu
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Shalini R, RaviVarman C, Manoranjitham R, Veeramuthu M. Morphometric study on mandibular foramen and incidence of accessory mandibular foramen in mandibles of south Indian population and its clinical implications in inferior alveolar nerve block. Anat Cell Biol 2016; 49:241-248. [PMID: 28127498 PMCID: PMC5266106 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2016.49.4.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandibular foramen is a landmark for procedures like inferior alveolar nerve block, mandibular implant treatment, and mandibular osteotomies. The present study was aimed to identify the precise location of the mandibular foramen and the incidence of accessory mandibular foramen in dry adult mandibles of South Indian population. The distance of mandibular foramen from the anterior border of the ramus, posterior border of the ramus, mandibular notch, base of the mandible, third molar, and apex of retromolar trigone was measured with a vernier caliper in 204 mandibles. The mean distance of mandibular foramen from the anterior border of ramus of mandible was 17.11±2.74 mm on the right side and 17.41±3.05 mm on the left side, from posterior border was 10.47±2.11 mm on the right side and 9.68±2.03 mm on the left side, from mandibular notch was 21.74±2.74 mm on the right side and 21.92±3.33 mm on the left side, from the base of the ramus was 22.33±3.32 mm on the right side and 25.35±4.5 mm on the left side, from the third molar tooth was 22.84±3.94 mm on the right side and 23.23±4.21 mm on the left side, from the apex of retromolar trigone was 12.27±12.13 mm on the right side and 12.13±2.35 mm on the left side. Accessory mandibular foramen was present in 32.36% of mandibles. Knowledge of location mandibular foramen is useful to the maxillofacial surgeons, oncologists and radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shalini
- Department of Anatomy, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital, Siruvachur, Perambalur, India
| | - C RaviVarman
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Adhiparasakthi Melmaruvathur Dental College, Melmaruvathur, India
| | - R Manoranjitham
- Department of Anatomy, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital, Siruvachur, Perambalur, India
| | - M Veeramuthu
- Department of Anatomy, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital, Siruvachur, Perambalur, India
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Kabak SL, Zhuravleva NV, Melnichenko YM, Savrasova NA. Study of the mandibular incisive canal anatomy using cone beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat 2016; 39:647-655. [PMID: 27837264 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-016-1779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify the range of individual variability in dimensions and topography of the mandibular incisive canal (MIC) in vivo. METHODS One hundred cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of patients from dental outpatient hospitals of Minsk, Belarus were performed on Galileos GAX5 using standard exposure and patient positioning protocol. Reformatted panoramic and sagittal CBCT images were analyzed. RESULTS The MIC was visualized in 92% of CBCT images. It was detected in the first premolar root region in 93% of cases, and only in 21% of cases it reached the central incisors root area. The MIC started prior to the mental foramen opening with formation of the anterior mental loop in 48% of cases. The MIC started at the level of the mental foramen or close to it in 52% of cases. The degree of MIC visibility and its internal vertical diameter decreases when it comes closer to the midline of the mandible. The distance from the roots of teeth to the upper wall of MIC increases in the mesial direction, while the position of MIC in relation to the base of the mandible remains virtually unchanged. CONCLUSIONS The MIC can appear in a different length and can reach the level of the root of the central mandibular incisor. Individual topography of MIC should be determined during the preoperative radiological examination and surgical procedures in the anterior region of the mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Lvovich Kabak
- Human Morphology Department, Belarusian State Medical University, Dzerzhinskogo Avenue 83, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | | | - Nina Alexandrovna Savrasova
- Radiation Examination and Radiation Therapy Department, Belarusian State Medical University, Dzerzhinskogo Avenue 83, Minsk, Belarus
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