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Taiwo AO, Lehmann U, Scott V, Shafi'u I, Lawal SG, Abdulmajid U, Braimah RO, Ibikunle AA, Abubakar AB, Mujtaba B, Ogbeide ME, Labbo-Jadadi S, Adigun OI, Ile-Ogedengbe BO. Barriers in Cleft Service Access in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Thematic Analysis of Practical Needs of Rural Families. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024:10556656241244976. [PMID: 38557293 DOI: 10.1177/10556656241244976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the experiences and perceptions of barriers of parents and family members of patients with cleft lip and palate in accessing cleft services in remote northwest Nigeria. DESIGN Face-to-face semi-structured audio recorded interviews were used to obtained qualitative textual data. Thematic analysis using interpretative descriptive techniques was employed to understand the participants' lived experiences with barriers and accessibility to cleft services. SETTING Participants were from Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara states in remote northwest, Nigeria. PARTICIPANTS Consisted of 22 caregivers (17 parents and 5 extended family members) were purposively sampled between 2017 and 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Barriers experienced while accessing cleft services were identified during thematic analysis. RESULT Over three quarter of the respondents had patients with both cleft lip and palate and without any previous family history (n = 20). About two-thirds of the participants (n = 15) were females. Most of the interviews were conducted before the surgeries (n = 15). FIVE THEMES EMERGED lack of information, financial difficulty, misrepresentation from health workers, multiple transportation and previous disappointment. CONCLUSIONS Areas of poor awareness, misinformation from primary health care workers, financial hurdles, multiple transportation logistics and others were identified. Aggressive broadcasting of information through radio, timely treatment and collaboration with influential religious leaders were emphasized. Support, grants and subsidies from government and voluntary agencies are encouraged to mitigate the huge out of pocket cost of cleft care in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrazaq Olanrewaju Taiwo
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Resmile Craniofacial Anomaly Foundation Zamfara, Gusau, Zamfara, Nigeria
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Health Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Uta Lehmann
- School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Cape town, South Africa
| | - Vera Scott
- School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Cape town, South Africa
| | | | - Suleman Gusau Lawal
- Department of Family Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Usamatu Abdulmajid
- Department of Otolaryngology/ENT, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Ramat Oyebummi Braimah
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Health Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Adebayo Aremu Ibikunle
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | | | - Bala Mujtaba
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Health Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Mike Eghosa Ogbeide
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Suwaiba Labbo-Jadadi
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sir Yahyah Memorial Hospital, Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Ibrahim Adigun
- Resmile Craniofacial Anomaly Foundation Zamfara, Gusau, Zamfara, Nigeria
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara, Nigeria
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Moore M, Savage-Elliott I, Lehane K, Li ZI, Magister S, Hoffmeister T, Youm T. No difference in prevalence of postoperative iliopsoas tendinitis in patients undergoing arthroscopic hip surgery when using absorbable versus non-absorbable suture for capsular closure. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY & TRAUMATOLOGY : ORTHOPEDIE TRAUMATOLOGIE 2024; 34:1419-1426. [PMID: 38231259 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-023-03818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The volume of arthroscopic hip surgery has increased dramatically in recent years with iliopsoas tendinitis (IPT) being one of the most common complications of this procedure. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of post-operative IPT in patients who undergo arthroscopic hip surgery with capsular closure using absorbable versus non-absorbable suture. METHODS This is a single center, single surgeon, retrospective analysis performed between August 2007 and May 2023 comparing two cohorts who underwent hip arthroscopy. Patients were divided into those who underwent surgery with capsular closure using absorbable (Vicryl®, Johnson and Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ) suture and those who underwent capsular closure with non-absorbable suture (Suturetape, Arthrex, Naples FL). All patients who underwent primary or revision hip arthroscopy and were at least 2 months post-operation were initially included in the study. RESULTS Between August 2007 and May 2023 a total of 1513 hip arthroscopy surgeries were performed. Within this cohort, 1421 hips underwent hip arthroscopy with non-absorbable suture and 64 hips underwent surgery with absorbable suture. There was no significant difference between the proportion of IPT in the non-absorbable cohort (2.3%) versus the absorbable cohort (1.6%) (P = 0.669). CONCLUSION Capsular closure with Absorbable sutures was non-inferior to capsular closure with non-absorbable sutures with respect to the proportion of post-operative IPT following hip arthroscopy for FAI. Additionally, the proportion of post-operative IPT was found to be significantly higher in patients undergoing revision versus primary hip arthroscopy, regardless of capsular closure suture type. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moore
- NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, NYU Langone Health, 334 East 26th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Ian Savage-Elliott
- NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, NYU Langone Health, 334 East 26th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Kevin Lehane
- NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, NYU Langone Health, 334 East 26th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Zachary I Li
- NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, NYU Langone Health, 334 East 26th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Steven Magister
- NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, NYU Langone Health, 334 East 26th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Thomas Hoffmeister
- NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, NYU Langone Health, 334 East 26th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Thomas Youm
- NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, NYU Langone Health, 334 East 26th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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Evolving Trends in Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair Based on Continuous Certification by the American Board of Plastic Surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:502-505. [PMID: 34320588 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS) began collecting data from unilateral cleft lip (UCL) corrections in 2011 as a component of the continuous certification process. We evaluated these data to understand practice patterns in UCL repair, in the United States, and whether these practice patterns had changed over the past 9 years. METHODS Tracer data for UCL correction were reviewed from its inception in October 2011 through 2016 and compared to UCL cases between 2017 and March 2020. Trends in practice patterns were evaluated against literature reviews meant to coincide with the ABPS continuous certification data. RESULTS A total of 520 cases were included from October 2011 to March 2020. Median age of UCL repair was 4 months and 66% of patients were male. Fifty-one percent of cases presented with a complete cleft lip. There was a decrease in postoperative adverse events when data from 2011 to 2016 was compared to 2017 to 2019 (P = 0.020). Revisions were the most common postoperative adverse event (2%). There was a decrease in nasoalveolar molding from 25% to 12% (P < 0.001) and 56% of total cases underwent a concurrent primary cleft rhinoplasty. The rate of gingivoperiosteoplasty at the time of primary cleft lip repair also fell (9% versus 1%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This article reviews tracer data obtained by the ABPS for UCL repair. The American Board of Plastic Surgery tracer data provides a national, cleft lip-specific database with longer follow-up times than other large databases.
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Yamamoto M, Chen HK, Hidetomo H, Watanabe A, Sakiyama K, Kim HJ, Murakami G, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Abe S. Superior labial artery and vein anastomosis configuration to be considered in lip augmentation. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151808. [PMID: 34324994 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cleft lip and palate is performed over a long period, starting immediately after birth. However, esthetic problems remain after lip augmentation. Endothelial cells of new capillaries are important for wound healing. Thus, the reconstruction of vascular networks is key to postoperative wound healing during lip augmentation. However, studies describing the superior labial artery (SLA) and superior labial vein (SLV) are rare, and their mutual positional relationship thus remains unclear. We procured 29 adult cadavers and ten fetuses. Macroscopic and histological examinations were performed on adult cadavers. We extracted soft tissues and blood vessels after micro-computed tomography (CT) and 3D tissue reconstruction. We performed histological investigations of vascular networks within the cleft lip in fetal samples. In adults, the SLV was distributed throughout the cutaneous side of the orbicularis oris muscle and the SLA, throughout the mucosal side. The SLV and SLA were separated by this muscle. Micro-CT images revealed that the SLA on the mucosal side transversed the orbicularis oris muscle to the SLV (55%). Histological analysis of fetuses revealed that the SLA was on the mucosal side, similar to that in adults, and traversed the orbicularis oris muscle in continuity with the SLV of the cutaneous side (100%). In lip augmentation, the reconstruction of the vascular structure, which involves the anastomosis of SLA and SLV passing through the orbicularis oris muscle, is an important factor when considering esthetic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, 2-9-18 Kanda-misakicho, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
| | - Hsiu-Kuo Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirouchi Hidetomo
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, 2-9-18 Kanda-misakicho, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sakiyama
- Division of Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gen Murakami
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan; Division of Internal Medicine, Jikou-kai Clinic of Home Visits, 4-4-18, Bieicho-Minamimachi, 071-0202 Kamikawa, Japan
| | | | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061 Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Dental College Research Branding Project, 2-9-18 Kanda-misakicho, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
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Does the Initial Width of Cleft Lip Play a Role in the Occurrence of Immediate Local Complications Following Primary Cleft Lip Repairs? J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:670-674. [PMID: 33705006 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among the several factors implicated in the occurrence of local surgical site complications following cleft lip repair is the initial width of the cleft. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of cleft width in the occurrence of immediate local surgical site complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS All consecutive subjects with diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate who presented at the cleft clinic and satisfied the inclusion criteria were recruited in the study. The width of the cleft lip defect as adopted for the study was measured from the peak of the Cupid bow on the non-cleft side to a point where the white roll begins to thin out on the cleft side. Measurement was done using a Vernier Calliper. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia after which subjects were evaluated for the presence or absence of immediate local surgical site complications which included dehiscence, infection, and vermillion notching of the lip. RESULTS A total of 70 subjects consisting of 36 (51.4%) males and 34 (48.6%) females were included in the study. Mean age (±SD) was 9.0 ± (19.4) months with age range of 3 months to 13 years. The prevalence of early surgical site complications was 24.3%. The width of cleft above a critical level (14 mm) statistically correlate significantly with the occurrence of early surgical site complications (P = 0.048). CONCLUSION This study showed that the width of cleft lip of and above critical level of 14 mm may be associated with a clinically significant risk of immediate local surgical site complications.
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An Old Method as an Aid on the Novel Coronavirus. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:1190-1191. [PMID: 33086298 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Egbunah UP, Adamson O, Fashina A, Adekunle AA, James O, Adeyemo WL. Comparing the Treatment Outcomes of Absorbable Sutures, Nonabsorbable Sutures, and Tissue Adhesives in Cleft Lip Repair: A Systematic Review. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:110-120. [PMID: 33655761 DOI: 10.1177/1055665621996107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the literature and synthesize the available reports for the best possible option between absorbable, nonabsorbable, and tissue adhesives in cleft lip skin closure. DESIGN We conducted systematic searches for randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials in PubMed, Cochrane, Ovid Medline, and OpenGrey databases. Identified studies were retrieved and assessed for eligibility. All statistical analyses were done with Revman, version 5.4. INTERVENTIONS The intervention considered in this systematic review were techniques of cleft lip repair using resorbable sutures, nonabsorbable sutures, medical adhesives, or any combination of these. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes assessed in the trials had to include any combination of the following: wound healing cosmesis and wound healing complications. While secondary outcomes considered were quality of life, direct and indirect costs to patients and health services, and participant satisfaction. RESULTS Only 6 studies met all inclusion criteria and were selected for qualitative analysis. A more favorable wound healing cosmesis was seen when nonabsorbable suture was used in cleft lip repair compared to absorbable sutures and tissue adhesives (CI, 0.65-4.35). This advantage was overshadowed by the significantly higher prevalence of postoperative complications when nonabsorbable sutures are used. CONCLUSION Although the results point to more favorable cosmesis with nonabsorbable sutures and an overall more favorable outcome with either absorbable sutures or tissue adhesives, the 6 selected studies were assessed at an unclear risk of bias; therefore, the results of this study should be interpreted with caution and regarded as low-certainty evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna P Egbunah
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi, Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olawale Adamson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Azeez Fashina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Adegbayi A Adekunle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi, Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olutayo James
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Wasiu L Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Ranzer M, Daniele E, Purnell CA. Perioperative Management of Cleft Lip Repair: A Meta-Analysis and Clinical Practice Guideline. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 58:1217-1225. [PMID: 33401938 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620984909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have focused on perioperative management of cleft lip repair. We sought to evaluate the available data on this topic to create evidence-based clinical guidelines. DESIGN Systematic review, meta-analysis. METHODS A PubMed search was performed focusing on perioperative management of cleft lip repair. Studies were included if they included comparative data. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Systematic review of literature regarding wound closure, postoperative arm restraints, perioperative antibiotics, outpatient or ambulatory surgery, or feeding restrictions postoperatively. RESULTS Twenty-three articles met inclusion criteria after initial screening of 3103 articles. This included 8 articles on wound closure, 2 on postoperative restraints, one on perioperative antibiotics, 6 on outpatient surgery, and 6 on postoperative feeding. Meta-analysis could be performed on dehiscence rates with postoperative feeding regimen and readmission rates after outpatient versus inpatient lip repair. There were few studies with low risk of bias. Outpatient cleft lip repair does not increase readmission (odds ratio [OR]: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.28-3.07). Allowing postoperative breastfeeding or bottle-feeding does not increase dehiscence (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.19-1.95). There was no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of available data, there is no evidence of a clearly superior closure material. The evidence does not support use of postoperative arm restraints. The evidence does not support the use of preoperative nasal swabs for antibiotic guidance. With careful patient selection, outpatient cleft lip repair appears safe. The evidence supports immediate breastfeeding or bottle-feeding after cleft lip repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ranzer
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Cosmetic Surgery, 14681University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward Daniele
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Cosmetic Surgery, 14681University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chad A Purnell
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Cosmetic Surgery, 14681University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Shriner's Hospitals for Children, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kim SM. Importance of various skin sutures in cheiloplasty of cleft lip. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 45:374-376. [PMID: 31966984 PMCID: PMC6955424 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2019.45.6.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Last week, after our receiving online journal regarding Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, we found a recently published original article by Alawode et al., entitled “A comparative study of immediate wound healing complications following cleft lip repair using either absorbable or non-absorbable skin sutures”. Although this clinical article was well written and provided a great deal of information regarding the suture materials in the cleft lip repair, I would like to add a few additional comments based on the importance of skin suture during cheiloplasties in the primary cleft lip or secondary revision patients with representative figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung Min Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Kim SG. Classification of the journal category "oral surgery" in the Scopus and the Science Citation Index Expanded: flaws and suggestions. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 45:186-191. [PMID: 31508350 PMCID: PMC6728620 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2019.45.4.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the journal category “oral surgery” in Scopus and in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE). Materials and Methods The Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (JOMS), The Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (JKAOMS), and The Journal of Prosthodontic Research (JPR) were selected from the Scopus list of journals as oral surgery journals. Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (MPRS) was selected from PubMed as a Scopus oral surgery title. From these titles, 10 recently published articles were collected and used for reference analysis. Results The percentage of citations from oral surgery journals was 26.7%, 24.5%, and 40.1% for JKAOMS, MPRS, and JOMS, respectively. In total, 1.1% of JPR's citations were from oral surgery journals and significantly fewer from other journals (P<0.001). The percentage of citations from dentistry journals excluding oral surgery journals was 11.9%, 34.4%, and 15.8% for JKAOMS, MPRS, and JOMS, respectively. For JPR, 80.6% of citations were from dentistry journals and significantly more were from other journals (P<0.001). Conclusion Selected samples revealed that JPR is incorrectly classified as an oral surgery journal in Scopus. In addition, the scientific interaction among JKAOMS, MPRS, and JOMS was different to JPR in the reference analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Gon Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
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