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Alshammari F, Khan KU. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding human papillomavirus among university students in Hail, Saudi Arabia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13140. [PMID: 35345591 PMCID: PMC8957278 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-known cause of cervical cancer. The prevalence of HPV, insufficient preventive services, inadequate treatment access, socioeconomic conditions, certain cultural causes and values and opinions regarding cervical cancer have been established as factors contributing to the occurrence of cervical cancer in various parts of the world. Objective To determine university students' knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding HPV and its vaccine. Material and Methods The present cross-sectional study included students enrolled at the University of Hail, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from January to May 2020 using a previously validated 26-item questionnaire. Results A total of 386 participants responded to the survey; the response rate was 80%. The majority of the respondents (63%) were male and 332 (86%) respondents were single among the overall study population. Most respondents were aged 21-25 years (75.6%), followed by 26-30 years (12.7%). In total, 130 (33.7%) respondents reported that they had heard of HPV before, while 174 (45.1%) reported that HPV infections are rare in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, 102 (26.4%) respondents thought that HPV causes genital warts, while almost 29.5% believed that HPV infection is a sexually transmitted disease. Nearly 76.2% of the respondents did not believe that HPV infection can occur without symptoms. Moreover, 53.4% of the respondents stated that they did not know the health problems associated with HPV infection, while 148 (38.8%) stated that cervical cancer is a health problem associated with HPV infection. When asked about their understanding of the HPV vaccine, nearly 267 (62.2%) respondents believed that there is no vaccine for HPV, while 239 (61.9%) believed that the vaccine does not minimise the risk of cervical cancer. In addition, the respondents reported that they would be far more likely to get an HPV vaccine if recommended by their doctors [relative importance index (RII) = 0.745], followed by their friends (RII = 0.675). Conclusion The present findings provide a clear understanding of university students' knowledge, perceptions and attitudes regarding HPV; this information can be used to raise awareness by developing an effective educational strategy. However, further research with a larger sample size is recommended; such efforts would also aid in the development of educational services for various age ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kashif Ullah Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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Baamer WO, Anfinan N, Sait M, Baghlaf O, AlDardir N, Sebghatallah A, Alkhalili B, Sulaimani M, Alghamdi R, Sait KH. The Diagnosis of Cervical Dysplasia in a University Hospital Using Pap Smear and Colposcopy in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Correlational Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e23242. [PMID: 35449675 PMCID: PMC9012941 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the diagnostic performance of Pap smear screening with or without human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and colposcopy in detecting preinvasive lesions of the cervix among women with reference to histopathological findings. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective study in a tertiary care center of the clinical and pathological records of women with evocative symptomatology. The diagnostic performance of Pap smear screening and colposcopy was analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity of Pap smear screening and colposcopy in detecting preinvasive lesions of the cervix were calculated in 388 patients. Results The mean age was 45.12 years, and the most frequent gynecological symptoms included abnormal bleeding (17.2%) and postcoital bleeding (10.9%). Histopathology showed abnormal results in 26.5% of the 388 patients, including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN 1; 20.4%), CIN 2 (2.8%), CIN 3 (1.3%), and SCC (1.3%). Both Pap smear screening and colposcopy were highly sensitive in detecting CIN 1+ (94.2%vs.93.2%, respectively) and CIN 2+ (100.0% vs.95.8%, respectively) intraepithelial lesions; however, Pap smears had very low specificity in detecting both CIN 1+ (8.1% vs.73.7%, respectively) and CIN 2+ (8.0% vs. 59.3%, respectively) compared with colposcopy. When combined with HPV status, the specificity of Pap smear increased considerably. Conclusion It has become a high priority to improve the efficiency of cervical cancer (CC) screening programs by optimizing the practice of Pap smear screening, increasing the test specificity, and implementing systematic cytology-HPV co-testing.
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Alhamlan F, Obeid D, Khayat H, Asma T, Al-Badawi IA, Almutairi A, Almatrrouk S, Fageeh M, Bakhrbh M, Nassar M, Al-Ahdal M. Prognostic impact of human papillomavirus infection on cervical dysplasia, cancer, and patient survival in Saudi Arabia: A 10-year retrospective analysis. Ann Saudi Med 2021; 41:350-360. [PMID: 34873934 PMCID: PMC8650596 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2021.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and survival rates among HPV-infected women are scarce in Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVE Assess the prevalence of HPV genotypes in cervical biopsy specimens and its effect on survival over a 10-year timeframe. DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional. SETTINGS Saudi referral hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cervical biopsy specimens were collected from women aged 23-95 years old who underwent HPV detection, HPV genotyping, p16INK4a expression measurement using immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier plots were constructed to analyze overall survival rates. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Survival rate of HPV-positive cervical cancer patients. SAMPLE SIZE 315 cervical biopsy specimens. RESULTS HPV was detected in 96 patients (30.4%): 37.3% had cervical cancer; 14.2% cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III, 4.1% CIN II, and 17.0% CIN I. A significant association was found between HPV presence and cervical cancer (χ2=56.78; P<.001). The expression of p16INK4a was a significant predictor of survival: women who had p16INK4a overexpression had poorer survival rates (multivariate Cox regression, hazard ratio, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1-8.8). In addition, multivariate models with HPV status and cervical cancer diagnosis showed that HPV status was a significant predictor of survival: HPV-positive women had better survival rates than HPV-negative women. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that implementing cervical and HPV screening programs may decrease cervical cancer rates and improve survival rates of women in Saudi Arabia. LIMITATION Single center and small sample size. CONFLICT OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Alhamlan
- From the Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Obeid
- From the Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Khayat
- From the Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tulbah Asma
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail A Al-Badawi
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Almutairi
- From the Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shihana Almatrrouk
- From the Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Fageeh
- From the Infection Diseases Program, National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed Bakhrbh
- From the Infection Diseases Program, National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Nassar
- From the Infection Diseases Program, National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Ahdal
- From the Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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The Distribution and Prevalence of High-Risk HPV Genotypes Other than HPV-16 and HPV-18 among Women Attending Gynecologists' Offices in Kazakhstan. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080794. [PMID: 34440026 PMCID: PMC8389608 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This study focused on the prevalence of high-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) infection types, other than HPV-16 and -18, in women throughout Kazakhstan due to the high rates of cervical cancer in Kazakhstani women. Approximately one quarter of the of the participants were infected with HR-HPV types other than HPV-16 and -18; 72% of these women were infected with one HR-HPV type with HPV-31 being the most prevalent, and the remaining 28% of these infected women were infected with multiple HR-HPVs with HPV-68 being the most prevalent type in these women. Introducing HR-HPV testing for all 14 cancerogenic types into cervical cancer screening program could help to reduce the rates of cervical cancer in Kazakhstan. Abstract Cervical cancer represents a great burden to public health of women. This study aimed to obtain a nationwide genotyping survey and analysis of high risk-HPV including those that are caused by HPV types other than HPV-16 and HPV-18, among women in Kazakhstan. This study was conducted based on the collection of survey and cervical swabs of 1645 women across the country. The samples were genotyped for high-risk HPV types based on real-time PCR methods. Collected data was analyzed with the focus on high-risk HPV types other than HPV-16 and -18. Infection was present in 22% of women who participated in the study. The most prevalent types were HPV-31 among single infections and HPV-68 among multiple infections. Conclusively, despite the lack of attention high-risk HPV types beyond HPV-16 and -18 get in attempts of cervical cancer prevention in Kazakhstan, their prevalence is high and plays a large role in cervical cancer epidemiological situation.
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Babi A, Issa T, Issanov A, Akilzhanova A, Nurgaliyeva K, Abugalieva Z, Ukybassova T, Daribay Z, Khan SA, Chan CK, Azizan A, Aimagambetova G. Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus infection among Kazakhstani women attending gynecological outpatient clinics. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 109:8-16. [PMID: 34111543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To conduct a nationwide high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection genotyping analysis of women attending gynecological clinics and identify factors associated with HR-HPV infection. METHODS A cross-sectional survey-based study with 759 participants. Demographics, lifestyle, and medical history data were collected by questionnaire completed by gynecologists during patients' visits. Cervical swabs were used for HPV genotyping using AmpliSens kit. Data analysis included descriptive statistics consisting of mean values, standard deviations, and frequencies, where applicable. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with HPV infection status. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 36.51 ± 10.09 years. The majority of participants were aged 26-35 years. Less than half of the women (39%) were HPV positive; 26% had single HR-HPV, and 13% had multiple HR-HPV infection. The most prevalent HR-HPV genotypes were HPV-16 (54%), HPV-51 (7%), HPV-68 (7%), and HPV-18 (6%). Ordinal logistic regression demonstrated that older age, not being single, and having a history of sexually transmitted infections, decrease the odds of HPV infection. CONCLUSION This study identified high prevalence of HR-HPV among Kazakhstani women. Our results showed that adding HPV testing to compulsory cervical cancer screening in Kazakhstan could improve the screening program and decrease cervical cancer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Babi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Torgyn Issa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Alpamys Issanov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Ainur Akilzhanova
- Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Kadisha Nurgaliyeva
- Republican Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zauresh Abugalieva
- Republican Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Talshyn Ukybassova
- Clinical Academic Department of Women's Health, University Medical Center, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Zhanibek Daribay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology #2, Marat Ospanov West Kazakhstan State Medical University, 030000, Aktobe, Kazakhstan; Regional Perinatal Center, 030000, Aktobe, Kazakhstan.
| | - Saleem A Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Chee Kai Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 325060, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Azliyati Azizan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, 89014, Henderson, NV, USA.
| | - Gulzhanat Aimagambetova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
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Elasbali AM. Human papillomavirus: present and future perspective in Saudi Arabia. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2020; 41:497-502. [PMID: 32347771 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2020.1737662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widely dispersed DNA double-stranded carcinogenic virus worldwide. Many cancers have been attributed to HPV subtypes as a major aetiological factor. Around 90% of cervical cancers have been attributed to the HPV infection, in addition to other cancers such as head and neck cancer, breast cancer and other cancers. As the carcinogenic high risk and low-risk, HPV subtypes are sexually transmitted viruses, and the Saudi community is religiously conservative, lots of measures of the precise burden of the HPV and its related cancers are still obscure. With the absence of cervical-screening programmes and in-depth research in HPV-related cancers, there a lack of literature except for literature pertained to awareness and perceptions. Consequently, the present review is deemed to explore the present state of the HPV-related issues, the future perspective in light of the current scientific evidence, as well as, Saudi community practices, and health policies in this regard. Making accessible data on HPV-related cancers can assist in designing HPV-related early detection and control sustainable programmes. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss the most important magnitudes related to the HPV, concerning the available literature from Saudi Arabia and the data in the neighbouring Arab countries interrelated to Saudi Arabia. The review depended on searching Electronic databases using strongly considered indexes including PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, ABSCO, EMBASE, and others. In conclusion, though Saudi Arabia is pronounced as a conservative community with low sexual transmitted diseases, there is an alarming menace of HPV-attributable diseases necessitating a quick intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
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Alotaibi HJ, Almajhdi FN, Alsaleh AN, Obeid DA, Khayat HH, Al-Muammer TA, Tulbah AM, Alfageeh MB, Al-Ahdal MN, Alhamlan FS. Association of sexually transmitted infections and human papillomavirus co-infection with abnormal cervical cytology among women in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1587-1595. [PMID: 32489299 PMCID: PMC7253883 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causative agent of cervical and other cancers. Sexually transmitted Infections (STIs) may play a crucial role in HPV persistence, leading to serious complications, including cervical cancer. This study investigated the association of HPV/STI co-infection in cervical samples with cervical dysplasia among women in Saudi Arabia. HPV-positive cervical samples (n = 142) were obtained from previous studies and newly collected samples (n = 209) were obtained from women aged 19–83 years. For HPV detection and genotyping, PCR and Genoflow HPV assay kits were used. STIs were detected using a Genoflow STD array kit. Of 351 samples, 94 (27%) were positive for STIs. Among HPV-positive samples, 36 (25%) were positive for STIs; the most common pathogens were Ureaplasma urealyticum/Ureaplasma parvu (13%) and Mycoplasma hominis (6%). A global significant correlation was detected between HPV and STIs with progression of abnormal cervical cytology (χ2 = 176, P < 0.0001). Associations between cervical cytology diagnosis and HPV status, STI types (opportunistic and pathogenic), and the presence of Ureaplasma spp., and Mycoplasma hominis were significant (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that additional study in a larger population is warranted to determine the association between HPV/STI co-infection and cervical neoplasia in Saudi women.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Alotaibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F N Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A N Alsaleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - D A Obeid
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H H Khayat
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - T A Al-Muammer
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Tulbah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M B Alfageeh
- Infectious Diseases Program, National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F S Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Anfinan NM. Physician's knowledge and opinions on human papillomavirus vaccination: a cross-sectional study, Saudi Arabia. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:963. [PMID: 31830983 PMCID: PMC6909584 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a transition period of prevention strategy against HPV infection and cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia, it becomes necessary to appraise physicians' preparedness to undertake the inherent actions and responsibilities, by evaluating their knowledge and opinions regarding HPV infection and vaccine. METHODS A cross-sectional study carried out between Jan 2017 and Nov 2018, included 2000 physicians working in 21 public centers from the five regions of Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess physicians' perception about HPV infection prevalence (1 item), knowledge about HPV infection and vaccine (9 items), and opinions and attitudes toward vaccine (4 items). A knowledge score (range 0-9) was calculated and adequate knowledge was assumed for a score ≥ median. Factors associated with opinions and attitudes were explored and multivariate regression was used to analyze independent factors of inadequate knowledge (score < median). RESULTS Majority of the participants replied correctly to all knowledge questions, and 63.0% perceived HPV infection as a frequently encountered infection. Median knowledge score was 8 and 62.0% had adequate knowledge (score ≥ 8). Inadequate knowledge was independently associated with Saudi nationality (OR = 1.51, p = 0.003), practice level (resident: OR = 3.53, p < 0.001; junior OR = 1.67, p = 0.002), and non Ob-Gyne specialty (OR = 5.40, p < 0.001); in addition to disparities across region and age. Among the participants, 7.6% were immunized and 41.2% accepted to receive the vaccine, while majority were favorable to have their children vaccinated (77.6%) and to include HPV vaccine in the local immunization program (69.6%). Self-perceived underexposure to HPV infection (58.5%), lack of knowledge about the vaccine (21.1%) and being sexually inactive (14.7%) were the most frequently reported reasons for refusing the vaccine. Overall negative attitude regarding vaccine was typically associated with male, older, Saudi, senior consultant in other than Ob/Gyn specialty. Inadequate knowledge level as well as lowly perceived prevalence of HPV infection were associated with less favorable attitude to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS More specific educational interventions are warranted to trigger physicians' active engagement in the fight against HPV infection and cervical cancer. Such interventions should demystify the HPV vaccine by exposing its efficacy, availability and safety, along with providing practical information about the vaccination procedure and goals to achieve successful prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen M Anfinan
- Gynecology Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Mousa M, Al-Amri SS, Degnah AA, Tolah AM, Abduljabbar HH, Oraif AM, Abduljabbar HS, Mirza AA, Azhar EI, Hashem AM. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2019; 39:403-409. [PMID: 31804132 PMCID: PMC6894452 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2019.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that consist of more than 200 genotypes. Low-risk genotypes are associated with warts or benign lesions, whereas high-risk genotypes are usually associated with malignancies and cancers including cervical cancer. However, the real prevalence and incidence of HPV in Saudi Arabia may be understated due to a lack of comprehensive data reporting. OBJECTIVES Determine the positivity rate of HPV in men and women in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Tertiary care center in Jeddah. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Self-collected vaginal swab samples were obtained from females attending the gynecological clinic in the period between October 2017 and April 2018 at a tertiary care center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. PCR-positive HPV samples were sequenced to determine genotype. Additionally, serum samples were collected from healthy male and female blood donors and screened for HPV IgG antibodies by ELISA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Molecular and serological positivity for HPV. SAMPLE SIZE 119 self-collected vaginal swabs from females at a gynecology clinic and 966 serum samples from healthy blood donors. RESULTS Of the 119 tested vaginal swabs, 7 samples (5.9%) were positive for HPV DNA. Several genotypes were identified. Most of the positive samples were from Saudi females in the age range of 31-50 years seeking care for infertility. Of the 966 serum samples, only 16 samples (1.7%) were positive for HPV IgG antibodies. CONCLUSION While the prevalence of HPV in men and women in our sample from the western region of Saudi Arabia was low, our data clearly show that it is not uncommon among high-risk groups and people are still exposed to the risk of HPV infection. Most importantly, these data provide valuable information that could aid in enhancing national awareness about HPV and in introducing an HPV vaccination program. LIMITATIONS Single hospital and a convenience sample CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Mousa
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan S Al-Amri
- From the Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan A Degnah
- From the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,From the Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Tolah
- From the Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanin H Abduljabbar
- From the Reproductive endocrinology and infertility unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Oraif
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan S Abduljabbar
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Mirza
- From the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I Azhar
- From the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,From the Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,From the Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Dhaher EA. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Women in the Southern
Region of Saudi Arabia Regarding Cervical Cancer and the
Pap Smear Test. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1177-1184. [PMID: 31030492 PMCID: PMC6948894 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.4.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The main barrier for women to receive Papanicolaou (Pap) smear tests and immunization is lack of knowledge about the disease’s signs and symptoms, women’s attitudes toward prevention programs and cultural myths and beliefs. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to measure women’s knowledge, attitudes and practices about cervical cancer and the Pap smear test in the southern region of Saudi Arabia and to assess the findings in relation with women’s demographics. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted at the Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic using a self-administered questionnaire with a sample size of 255 women between the ages of 15 and 65 years. Results: Forty-three percent of the women in this region are aware of cervical cancer, but do not recognize its risk factors, implications, timing or main cause, which is Human papillomavirus (HPV). In fact, the primary source of information was obtained through social media. Only two women conducted Pap smear test and that was based on doctor’s referral, where women’s main reason from not conducting the test was feeling good and no need. Conclusions: There is a need, therefore, to create awareness programs for cervical cancer, its causes and risk factors, as well as its preventive measures for women in the southern region of Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas A Dhaher
- Dean of the Female Nursing Institute, Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region of Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Jradi H, Bawazir A. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Saudi women regarding cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) and corresponding vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 37:530-537. [PMID: 30503079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To our knowledge there are no studies exploring Saudi women's understanding of the importance of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. In the present study, we examined the awareness of HPV and women's attitudes toward the HPV vaccine. METHOD Nine focus groups were formed in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, including 77 women between the ages of 18 and 45 years old. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in 58 female healthcare providers to examine women's awareness of cervical cancer, HPV, barriers, acceptance, beliefs, and attitudes towards the HPV vaccine. RESULTS Focus group discussions revealed a lack of knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer, HPV, and the HPV vaccine. Cultural concerns regarding screening and vaccinating for a conventionally known sexually transmitted infection were an emerging theme in addition to not perceiving cervical cancer screening as necessary because women with no signs and symptoms considered themselves not at risk for developing cervical cancer. Approximately 30% of healthcare providers other than physicians were unaware of prevention methods, and 63.3% did not practice any screening methods for cervical cancer and attributed the lack of screening to "no specific reasons at all". CONCLUSION Because of the unfavorable knowledge and attitude of HPV infection and the associated vaccine from the women in the present study, emphasis should be directed to educate and promote awareness of women to the risk factors of cervical cancer and to the need for screening programs and the administration of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Jradi
- Public and Environmental Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amen Bawazir
- Public and Environmental Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Sait K, Turki R, Abuzenadah AM, Jiffiri OH, Bohmaidah A, Sohrab SS. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of HPV 16 & 18 variants isolated from cervical specimens of women in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:317-324. [PMID: 31485171 PMCID: PMC6717139 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) are well known to be associated with the development of cervical cancer. HPV16 and HPV 18 are known as high-risk types and reported to be predominantly associated with cervical cancer. The prevalence and genetic diversity of HPV have been well documented globally but, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, data on HPV genetic diversity are lacking. In this study, we have analyzed the genetic diversity of both HPV16 and HPV18 based on their L1 gene sequence because L1 gene is a major capsid protein gene and has been utilized to develop a prophylactic vaccine. In January 2011-2012, a total of forty samples from cervical specimens of women in Saudi Arabia were collected. The association of HPV16, HPV18 was detected by polymerase chain reaction, sequenced and submitted to GenBank. The sequences identity matrix and the phylogenetic relationship were analyzed with selected HPVs. The highest sequence identity (99.5%) for HPV16 and (99.3%) for HPV was observed with selected HPVs. The phylogenetic analysis results showed that HPVs from Saudi Arabia formed a closed cluster with African, Asian, East Asian as well as American HPVs distributed into multiple linages from various geographical locations. The results provided the valuable information about genetic diversity, but there is an urgent need to generate full genome sequence information which will provide a clearer picture of the genetic diversity and evolution of HPVs in Saudi Arabia. In conclusion, the generated data will be highly beneficial for developing molecular diagnostic tools, analyzing and correlating the epidemiological data to determine the risk of cervical cancer and finally to develop a vaccine for Saudi Arabian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Sait
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rola Turki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Mohammed Abuzenadah
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama H Jiffiri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulbaset Bohmaidah
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Sartaj Sohrab
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Rabaan AA, Alfaraj SA, Alkhalifah MA. Comparison of the Cepheid Xpert HPV test and the HC2 High-Risk HPV DNA Test for detection of high-risk HPV infection in cervical smear samples in SurePath preservative fluid. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:676-680. [PMID: 29580367 PMCID: PMC5994697 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Cytological and histological cervical screening methods for human papillomavirus may be subjective. Current guidelines recommend the use of direct human papillomavirus screening by molecular methods in conjunction with cytology for the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus types with carcinogenic potential. In this study, we compared the performance of the molecular Cepheid Xpert HPV test to the FDA-approved HC2 High-Risk HPV DNA Test on samples from patients presenting for cervical screening, regardless of the cytology results, in which cervical cell samples were originally collected for Papanicolaou (Pap) smear specimens in Becton Dickinson (BD) SurePath preservative fluid.Methodology. Cervical cells were obtained for Pap smear specimens from 343 women attending Qatif Central Hospital in Saudi Arabia for cervical cancer screening using a Cytobrush Plus GT and immersed in BD SurePath preservative fluid in BD SurePath collection vials. The study was carried out between December 2015 and July 2016.Results. The Xpert HPV test was positive in 27 (7.9 %) of the samples. The HC2 High-Risk HPV DNA Test was positive in 32 (9.3 %) of the samples. The most common HPV types according to the Xpert HPV test were HPV other types, either alone (n=15) or in combination with HPV16 (n=3). The overall concordance rate between the tests was 98.5 %. The positive concordance was 84.4 %.Conclusion. The Xpert HPV test is convenient to use on cervical cell samples collected for Pap smear specimens in BD SurePath preservative fluid within an hour and is a viable alternative to the HC2 High-Risk HPV DNA Test for HPV testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha A Alfaraj
- Histopathology Laboratory, Laboratory and Blood Bank Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alkhalifah
- Laboratory and Blood Bank Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Sohrabi A, Hajia M. Cervical Cancer and Genital Infections: Assessment of Performance and Validation in Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Assays in Iran, its Neighbouring Countries and Persian Gulf Area. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 12:35-44. [PMID: 29760751 PMCID: PMC5938722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy of diagnostic assays in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genital infection and cervical cancer has remained a clinical challenge in diagnosis. Evidence indicates that a large proportion of cervical cancer can be prevented through organized care for HPV and testing. Countries with low per capita income, such as Iran and its neighbours, have no national organized program for cervical cancer screening and vaccination. The aim of this study was to review recent published papers in this region for evaluating the efficacy of released data regarding HPV genotyping system in genital infections and cervical cancer. METHODS Investigating various medical search engines retrieved 46 reports, mostly after 2010, consisting of either home brew protocols or commercial technologies in this field. RESULTS Summarized results demonstrated that except a few cases, all reports were limited studies performed in confined populations focusing on attending patients at clinics for regular checkups. In the present study, 52.8% of papers were from Iran and the rest belonged to other countries. The rate of HPV infection was reported in the range of 0.62% to 25% in the normal population, while it varied from 18.75% to 100% in females with cervical cancer. In HPV genotyping surveys, only 26.1 % (12/46) of reports had validated and World Health Organization (WHO) proficient procedures. Also, multiple infections were not mentioned in 56.52% (25/46) of researches. CONCLUSIONS Employing reliable genotyping methods is the best way for regular screening of cervical cancer related to HPV and precancerous diseases in females of these areas. The focus of most surveys was to come up with the best national policies for establishing a preventive program in Iran and Persian Gulf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sohrabi
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Research Center of Health Reference Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Hajia
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, Research Center of Health Reference Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Al Khudairi H, Abu-Zaid A, Alomar O, Salem H. Public Awareness and Knowledge of Pap Smear as a Screening Test for Cervical Cancer among Saudi Population in Riyadh City. Cureus 2017; 9:e984. [PMID: 28286720 PMCID: PMC5318149 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To explore the public awareness, knowledge, and attitudes of Saudi women towards Pap smear as a screening test for cervical cancer. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study took place in four major secondary and tertiary healthcare hospitals located in the capital city Riyadh between January 2016 and June 2016. A self-administered, coded, close-ended survey was randomly distributed to 1000 non-single women attending the obstetrics/gynecology outpatient clinics or inpatient wards. Results: Five hundred and seven women participated in the survey (overall response rate: 50.7%). The vast majority of respondents aged between 20-40 years (88%) and were married (94.1%), Saudi citizens (96.5%), university educated (45.6%) and housewives (64.5%). A total of 234 women (46.2%) did not hear whatsoever about Pap smear previously. Only 273 women (53.9%) heard about it, mostly during their hospital visits for obstetric/gynecologic purposes (57.1%). A sum of 381 women (75.2%) did not do a single Pap smear previously. A sum of 383 women (75.5%) reported that their physicians never advised them to do Pap smear. Regarding knowledge of Pap smear, 415 women (82%) did not know when to start doing Pap smear, 471 women (92.9%) did not know how frequently they should do Pap smear and 476 women (93.9%) did not know when to stop doing Pap smear. Moreover, 456 women (89.9%) did not know the difference between Pap smear and high vaginal swap. A total of 429 women (84.6%) never requested their physician to do Pap smear. Almost all women (95.3%) expressed an interest in knowing more information about the Pap smear screening test. Conclusion: The awareness and knowledge of Pap smear as a screening test for cervical cancer among Saudi population living in Riyadh is unsatisfactory. There is an urgent necessity to educate and foster awareness concerning cervical cancer and its screening through Pap smear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Osama Alomar
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
| | - Hany Salem
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
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16
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Alhamlan FS, Khayat HH, Ramisetty-Mikler S, Al-Muammar TA, Tulbah AM, Al-Badawi IA, Kurdi WI, Tulbah MI, Alkhenizan AA, Hussain AN, Ahmed M, Al-Ahdal MN. Sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behavior as risk factors for human papillomavirus infection in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 46:94-9. [PMID: 27062984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and the sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behavior risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in a hospital-based cohort of women in Saudi Arabia. METHODS Cervical specimens and questionnaire data were collected from women attending clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cervical specimens were examined for abnormal cytology using a standard Pap test and for the presence of HPV-DNA using PCR and reverse line blot hybridization tests. RESULTS Approximately 73% of the 400 women tested were Saudi nationals. Nearly 50% were under 40 years old (range 22-80 years, mean±standard deviation 41.20±10.43 years). Approximately 17% of the women were HPV-positive. The most commonly detected HPV types were HPV-18 (34%) and HPV-16 (19%), with multiple infections detected in 10% of positive specimens. Multivariate analyses revealed that smoking and multiple partners were significant risk factors for HPV infection (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Because of societal challenges and an unsubstantiated assumption of low HPV prevalence, few studies have examined sociodemographic characteristics or sexual behaviors associated with HPV in Saudi women. However, a high prevalence of HPV infection was found, with smoking and multiple partners as significant risk factors, in this hospital-based cohort of predominantly Saudi women.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H H Khayat
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Ramisetty-Mikler
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Center for Computational Epidemiology and Response Analysis (CeCERA), University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - T A Al-Muammar
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Tulbah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - I A Al-Badawi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - W I Kurdi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M I Tulbah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Alkhenizan
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A N Hussain
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Ahmed
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Huang H, Hu XF, Zhao FH, Garland SM, Bhatla N, Qiao YL. Estimation of Cancer Burden Attributable to Infection in Asia. J Epidemiol 2015; 25:626-38. [PMID: 26399446 PMCID: PMC4626392 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20140215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some infectious agents have been shown to be human carcinogens. The current study focused on estimation of cancer burden attributable to infection in different regions of Asia. METHODS By systematically reviewing previous studies of the infection prevalence data of 13 countries in Asia and relative risks of specific cancers, we calculated the population attributable fraction of carcinogenic infections. Using data from GLOBOCAN 2012, the overall country-specific and gender-specific number of new cancer cases and deaths resulting from infection were estimated. RESULTS Across 13 principal Asian countries, the average prevalence and range was 6.6% (0.5% in Japanese women to 15.0% in Vietnamese men) for hepatitis B virus (HBV), 2.6% (0.3% in Iran to 5.1% in Saudi Arabia) for hepatitis C virus (HCV), 7.9% (2.8% in Pakistan to 17.7% in China) for human papillomavirus (HPV), and 61.8% (12.8% in Indonesia to 91.7% in Bangladesh) for Helicobacter pylori (HP). The estimated total number of cancer cases and deaths caused by infection in these 13 countries were 1 212 026 (19.6% of all new cancer cases) and 908 549 (22.0% of all deaths from cancer). The fractions of cancer incidence attributable to infection were 19.7% and 19.5% in men and women, respectively. The percentages of cancer deaths attributable to infection were 21.9% and 22.1% in men and women, respectively. Among the main infectious agents, HP was responsible for 31.5% of infection-related cancer cases and 32.8% of infection-related cancer deaths, followed by HBV (28.6% of new cases and 23.8% of deaths), HPV (22.0% of new cases and 27.3% of deaths), and HCV (12.2% of new cases and 10.6% of deaths). CONCLUSIONS Approximately one quarter of all cancer cases and deaths were infection-associated in Asia, which could be effectively prevented if appropriate long-term controls of infectious agents were applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Prevention and Control of Communicable Disease, Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Hu
- Shijingshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Hui Zhao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Suzanne M. Garland
- The Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Women’s Hospital, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Neerja Bhatla
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - You-Lin Qiao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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AlObaid A, Al-Badawi IA, Al-Kadri H, Gopala K, Kandeil W, Quint W, Al-Aker M, DeAntonio R. Human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution among women attending routine gynecological examinations in Saudi Arabia. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:643. [PMID: 25496614 PMCID: PMC4272558 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer (CC) is caused by persistent infection with high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) types. In Saudi Arabia which has a population of 6.5 million women over the age of 15 years, approximately 152 new cases of CC are diagnosed and 55 women die from the disease annually. Nevertheless current epidemiological data for HPV in this population are limited. This study evaluated the prevalence and type distribution of HPV and documented the awareness of HPV infection and health-related behavior among Saudi and non-Saudi women attending routine examination. Methods This was an observational, epidemiological cross-sectional study conducted between April 2010 and December 2011 at three hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Cervical samples from women aged ≥15 years, who were attending routine gynecological examinations were collected and tested for HPV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction and typed using the SPF10 DEIA/LiPA25 system. Two questionnaires on health-related behavior and awareness of HPV infection were completed. Results A total of 417 women, mean age (standard deviation) 41.9 (±10.4) years, were included in the final analysis, of whom 77% (321/417) were Saudi nationals. HPV-DNA was detected in 9.8% women (41/417, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.1-13.1). The prevalence of any HR-HPV by age was: 25–34 years: 3.0%; 35–44 years: 4.5%; 45–54 years: 3.2%; >55 years: 10.9%. The most prevalent HR-HPV-types were: HPV-68/73 (5 cases); HPV-18 (4 cases); HPV-16 (3 cases). The most prevalent low risk (LR) types were HPV-6 (4 cases); HPV-42, HPV-53 and HPV-54 (2 cases each). The prevalence of HPV was higher among non-Saudi nationals vs. Saudi nationals (16.7% vs. 7.8%, P = 0.0234). No statistically significant risk factors were identified: 32.2% (101/314) women were aware of HPV and 89.9% (285/317) showed an interest in HPV vaccination. Conclusion The overall prevalence of HPV was 9.8% in Saudi Arabia, but was higher in women over 55 years, as well as in non-Saudi nationals. These data provide a reference for public health authorities and may also help in determining future policies for the prevention of CC. Clinical trial registration NCT01213459 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0643-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz AlObaid
- King Fahd Medical City, P.O. Box 59046, Riyadh, 11525, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ismail A Al-Badawi
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, MBC-52, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hanan Al-Kadri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kusuma Gopala
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangalore, India.
| | | | - Wim Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | - Murad Al-Aker
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, MBC-52, Saudi Arabia. .,Sydney Gynecologic Oncology Group, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Moosa K, Alsayyad AS, Quint W, Gopala K, DeAntonio R. An epidemiological study assessing the prevalence of human papillomavirus types in women in the Kingdom of Bahrain. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:905. [PMID: 25466757 PMCID: PMC4265506 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent infection with high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer, the fourth most frequent cancer in the Kingdom of Bahrain, with an annual incidence of four per 100,000 women. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and type distribution of HPV in Bahraini and non-Bahraini women attending routine screening. HPV prevalence was assessed by risk factors and age distribution. Health-related behaviors and HPV awareness were also studied. METHODS This observational study was conducted between October 2010 and November 2011 in the Kingdom of Bahrain (NCT01205412). Women aged either ≥20 years attending out-patient health services for routine cervical screening or ≥16 years attending post-natal check-ups were enrolled. Cervical samples were collected and tested for HPV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction and typed using the SPF10 DEIA/LiPA25 system. All women completed two questionnaires on health-related behavior (education level, age at first marriage, number of marital partners, parity and smoking status) and HPV infection awareness. RESULTS HPV DNA was detected in 56 of the 571 women included in the final analysis (9.8%); 28 (4.9%), 15 (2.6%) and 13 (2.3%) women were infected with single, multiple and unidentifiable HPV types, respectively. The most prevalent HPV types among the HPV positive women were HR-HPV-52 in eight (1.4%), HR-HPV-16, -31 and -51 in six women each (1.1%); low-risk (LR)-HPV-6 in four (0.7%); and LR-HPV-70, -74 in three women each (0.5%). Co-infection with other HR-HPV types was observed in 50% HPV-16-positive women (with HPV-31, -45 and -56) and in both HPV-18-positive women (with HPV-52). None of the health-related risk factors studied were associated with any HR-HPV infection. More than half of women (68.7%) had never heard about HPV, but most women (91.3%) in our study were interested in HPV-vaccination. CONCLUSION HPV prevalence in Bahraini women was 9.8%. The most frequently observed HPV types were HR-HPV-52, -16, -31 and -51 and LR-HPV-6, -70 and -74. These are useful baseline data for health authorities to determine the potential impact of preventive measures including the use of prophylactic vaccines to reduce the burden of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairya Moosa
- Arabian Gulf University/Medical College, Manama, Bahrain.
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20
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Alsbeih G. HPV Infection in Cervical and Other Cancers in Saudi Arabia: Implication for Prevention and Vaccination. Front Oncol 2014; 4:65. [PMID: 24744990 PMCID: PMC3978341 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is closely associated with cervical cancer that the incidence of this tumor is regarded as a surrogate marker for HPV infection in countries lacking epidemiological studies. HPV is also implicated in subsets of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Although cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide, its reported incidence is low in Saudi Arabia, ranking number 12 between all cancers in females and accounts only for 2.4% of all new cases, despite the lack of national screening programs. However, the limited available studies from Saudi Arabia indicate that HPV prevalence and genotypes' distribution in invasive cervical cancer show similar pattern as in the world. Cytology screening (Pap smear) and HPV vaccinations are the two preventive measures against cervical cancer. The two available vaccines are effective against the two most common HPV genotypes (HPV-16 and -18). Since 92% of cervical tumors in the Kingdom are infected with HPV of which 78% are HPV-16 and -18 genotypes, vaccination is expected to protect against more than two-third of cervical cancers in Saudi Arabia. Nevertheless, due to its low incidence (2.1/100,000 women), a proper cost-effectiveness analysis is required to justify the implementation of a costly vaccine bearing in mind that HPV could potentially be associated with about 3% of all cancers. However, further studies are needed to ascertain the real prevalence of HPV at the population level at large, its association with various types of cancers, and also the impact of local tradition and emerging behavioral trends that could affect HPV transmission and consequently the effectiveness of applying national vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi Alsbeih
- Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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