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Abstract
Obesity is associated with high-grade and advanced prostate cancer. While this association may be multi-factorial, studies suggest that obesity-induced inflammation may play a role in the progression of advanced prostate cancer. The microenvironment associated with obesity increases growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines which have been implicated mechanistically to promote invasion, metastasis, and androgen-independent growth. This review summarizes recent findings related to obesity-induced inflammation which may be the link to advanced prostate cancer. In addition, this review while introduce novel targets to mitigate prostate cancer metastasis to the bone. Specific emphasis will be placed on the role of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Olivas
- Nutrition and Foods, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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Press DJ, Pierce B, Lauderdale DS, Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Lin Gomez S, Hedeker D, Wright NE, Fantus RJ, Bettencourt L, Ahsan H, Eggener S. Tobacco and marijuana use and their association with serum prostate-specific antigen levels among African American men in Chicago. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101174. [PMID: 33088675 PMCID: PMC7566952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AA men are under-represented in PSA research, a biomarker of prostate cancer aggresiveness. Cigarette smoking was associated with an increase in PSA among older AA men. Tobacco use was associated with an increase in PSA among older AA men. Marijuana use was associated with a decrease in PSA among older AA men. Future behavioral risk factor studies linked to biopsy outcomes are warranted.
African American (AA) men experience more than twice the prostate cancer mortality as White men yet are under-represented in academic research involving prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biomarker of prostate cancer aggressiveness. We examined the impact of self-reported tobacco (cigarette pack-years and current tobacco use including e-cigarettes) and current regular marijuana use on serum PSA level based on clinical laboratory testing among 928 AA men interviewed 2013–2018 in Chicago. We defined outcome of elevated PSA ≥ 4.0 ng/mL for logistic regression models and continuous PSA increases for general linear models. All models were adjusted for age, sociodemographic characteristics, healthcare utilization, body mass index, and self-reported health. Among 431 AA men age ≥ 55 years, we observed ∼ 5 times the odds of elevated PSA among those with > 1 pack-years of cigarette smoking vs. never-smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 5.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.57–16.6) and a quarter the odds of elevated PSA among current marijuana users vs. non-users (OR = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.08–0.96). PSA increased on average 1.20 ng/mL among other current tobacco users vs. non-users. Among older AA men, cigarette smoking history and current tobacco use were positively associated with an increase in PSA levels and current marijuana use were inversely associated with PSA levels. Future work with studies of diverse patient populations with cancer outcomes are needed to assess whether these behavioral characteristics contribute to racial/ ethnic disparities in prostate cancer outcomes. Our study provides novel evidence regarding potential differences in PSA levels among older AA men according to behavioral characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Press
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Center for Health Information Partnerships (CHiP), Institute of Public Health & Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago Biological Sciences, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Brandon Pierce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diane S. Lauderdale
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Briseis Aschebrook-Kilfoy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nathaniel E. Wright
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Luís Bettencourt
- Mansueto Institute for Urban Innovation, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott Eggener
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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