1
|
Scicchitano D, Leuzzi D, Babbi G, Palladino G, Turroni S, Laczny CC, Wilmes P, Correa F, Leekitcharoenphon P, Savojardo C, Luise D, Martelli P, Trevisi P, Aarestrup FM, Candela M, Rampelli S. Dispersion of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in pig farms and in the surrounding environment. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:17. [PMID: 38555432 PMCID: PMC10981832 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance has been identified as a major threat to global health. The pig food chain is considered an important source of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the dispersion of ARGs in pig production system, including the external environment. RESULTS In the present study, we longitudinally followed one swine farm located in Italy from the weaning phase to the slaughterhouse to comprehensively assess the diversity of ARGs, their diffusion, and the bacteria associated with them. We obtained shotgun metagenomic sequences from 294 samples, including pig feces, farm environment, soil around the farm, wastewater, and slaughterhouse environment. We identified a total of 530 species-level genome bins (SGBs), which allowed us to assess the dispersion of microorganisms and their associated ARGs in the farm system. We identified 309 SGBs being shared between the animals gut microbiome, the internal and external farm environments. Specifically, these SGBs were characterized by a diverse and complex resistome, with ARGs active against 18 different classes of antibiotic compounds, well matching antibiotic use in the pig food chain in Europe. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results highlight the urgency to implement more effective countermeasures to limit the dispersion of ARGs in the pig food systems and the relevance of metagenomics-based approaches to monitor the spread of ARGs for the safety of the farm working environment and the surrounding ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scicchitano
- Fano Marine Center, Fano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Leuzzi
- Fano Marine Center, Fano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Babbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Palladino
- Fano Marine Center, Fano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paul Wilmes
- University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Federico Correa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Castrense Savojardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marco Candela
- Fano Marine Center, Fano, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Fano Marine Center, Fano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lopez-Moreno A, Cerk K, Rodrigo L, Suarez A, Aguilera M, Ruiz-Rodriguez A. Bisphenol A exposure affects specific gut taxa and drives microbiota dynamics in childhood obesity. mSystems 2024; 9:e0095723. [PMID: 38426791 PMCID: PMC10949422 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00957-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cumulative xenobiotic exposure has an environmental and human health impact which is currently assessed under the One Health approach. Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and its potential link with childhood obesity that has parallelly increased during the last decades deserve special attention. It stands during prenatal or early life and could trigger comorbidities and non-communicable diseases along life. Accumulation in the nature of synthetic chemicals supports the "environmental obesogen" hypothesis, such as BPA. This estrogen-mimicking xenobiotic has shown endocrine disruptive and obesogenic effects accompanied by gut microbiota misbalance that is not yet well elucidated. This study aimed to investigate specific microbiota taxa isolated and selected by direct BPA exposure and reveal its role on the overall children microbiota community and dynamics, driving toward specific obesity dysbiosis. A total of 333 BPA-resistant isolated species obtained through culturing after several exposure conditions were evaluated for their role and interplay with the global microbial community. The selected BPA-cultured taxa biomarkers showed a significant impact on alpha diversity. Specifically, Clostridium and Romboutsia were positively associated promoting the richness of microbiota communities, while Intestinibacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus were negatively associated. Microbial community dynamics and networks analyses showed differences according to the study groups. The normal-weight children group exhibited a more enriched, structured, and connected taxa network compared to overweight and obese groups, which could represent a more resilient community to xenobiotic substances. In this sense, subnetwork analysis generated with the BPA-cultured genera showed a correlation between taxa connectivity and more diverse potential enzymatic BPA degradation capacities.IMPORTANCEOur findings indicate how gut microbiota taxa with the capacity to grow in BPA were differentially represented within differential body mass index children study groups and how these taxa affected the overall dynamics toward patterns of diversity generally recognized in dysbiosis. Community network and subnetwork analyses corroborated the better connectedness and stability profiles for normal-weight group compared to the overweight and obese groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix" (INYTA), Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- />Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, Spain
| | - Klara Cerk
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lourdes Rodrigo
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix" (INYTA), Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Suarez
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix" (INYTA), Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Margarita Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix" (INYTA), Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- />Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, Spain
| | - Alicia Ruiz-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix" (INYTA), Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang A, Kwak MJ, Lee DJ, Lee JJ, Kim MK, Song M, Lee M, Yang J, Oh S, Kim Y. Dietary supplementation with probiotics promotes weight loss by reshaping the gut microbiome and energy metabolism in obese dogs. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0255223. [PMID: 38270436 PMCID: PMC10913549 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02552-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overweight among companion animals are significant concerns, paralleling the issues observed in human populations. Recent research has highlighted the potential benefits of various probiotics in addressing weight-related changes, obesity, and associated pathologies. In this study, we delved into the beneficial probiotic mechanisms in high-fat-induced obese canines, revealing that Enterococcus faecium IDCC 2102 (IDCC 2102) and Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 (IDCC 4301) have the capacity to mitigate the increase in body weight and lipid accumulation in obese canines subjected to a high-fat diet and hyperlipidemic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) strain VS29. Both IDCC 2102 and IDCC 4301 demonstrated the ability to reduce systemic inflammation and hormonal disruptions induced by obesity. Notably, these probiotics induced modifications in the microbiota by promoting lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and S24-7, with concomitant activation of pyruvate metabolism. IDCC 4301, through the generation of bacterial short-chain fatty acids and carboxylic acids, facilitated glycolysis and contributed to ATP synthesis. Meanwhile, IDCC 2102 produced bacterial metabolites such as acetic acid and butyric acid, exhibiting a particular ability to stimulate dopamine synthesis in a canine model. This stimulation led to the restoration of eating behavior and improvements in glucose and insulin tolerance. In summary, we propose novel probiotics for the treatment of obese animals based on the modifications induced by IDCC 2102 and IDCC 4301. These probiotics enhanced systemic energy utilization in response to high caloric intake, thereby preventing lipid accumulation and restoring stability to the fecal microbiota. Consequently, this intervention resulted in a reduction in systemic inflammation caused by the high-fat diet.IMPORTANCEProbiotic supplementation affected commensal bacterial proliferation, and administering probiotics increased glycolysis and activated pyruvate metabolism in the body, which is related to propanate metabolism as a result of pyruvate metabolism activation boosting bacterial fatty acid production via dopamine and carboxylic acid specialized pathways, hence contributing to increased ATP synthesis and energy metabolism activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Jin Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daniel Junpyo Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Min Kyu Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minjee Lee
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kang MG, Kwak MJ, Kim Y. Polystyrene microplastics biodegradation by gut bacterial Enterobacter hormaechei from mealworms under anaerobic conditions: Anaerobic oxidation and depolymerization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132045. [PMID: 37480606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic plastic is used throughout daily life and industry, threatening organisms with microplastic pollution. Polystyrene is a major plastic polymer and also widely found sources of plastic wastes and microplastics. Here, we report that Enterobacter hormaechei LG3 (CP118279.1), a facultative anaerobic bacterial strain isolated from the gut of Tenebrio molitor larvae (mealworms) can oxidize and depolymerize polystyrene under anaerobic conditions. LG3 performed biodegradation while forming a biofilm on the plastic surface. PS biodegradation was characterized by analyses of surface oxidation, change in morphology and molecular weights, and production of biodegraded derivative. The biodegradation performance by LG3 was compared with PS biodegradation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SCGB1 under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. In addition, through nanopore sequencing technology, we identified degradative enzymes, including thiol peroxidase (tpx), alkyl hydroperoxide reductase C (ahpC) and bacterioferritin comigratory protein (bcp). Along with the upregulation of degradative enzymes for biodegradation, changes in lipid A and biofilm-associated proteins were also observed after the cells were incubated with polystyrene microplastics. Our results provide evidence for anaerobic biodegradation by polystyrene-degrading bacteria and show alterations in gene expression patterns after polystyrene microplastics treatment in the opportunistic pathogen Enterobacter hormaechei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Geun Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jin Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kang AN, Mun D, Ryu S, Jae Lee J, Oh S, Kyu Kim M, Song M, Oh S, Kim Y. Culturomic-, metagenomic-, and transcriptomic-based characterization of commensal lactic acid bacteria isolated from domestic dogs using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for aging. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac323. [PMID: 36194530 PMCID: PMC9733531 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In tandem with the fast expansion of the pet-economy industry, the present aging research has been noticing the function of probiotics in extending the healthy lifetime of domestic animals. In this study, we aimed to understand the bacterial compositions of canine feces and isolating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as commensal LAB as novel potential probiotics for the use of antiaging using Caenorhabditis elegans surrogate animal model. Under an anaerobic, culturomic, and metagenomic analysis, a total of 305 commensal LAB were isolated from diverse domestic dogs, and four strains, Lactobacillus amylolyticus, L. salivarius, Enterococcus hirae, and E. faecium, made prominence as commensal LAB by enhancing C. elegans life span and restored neuronal degeneration induced by aging by upregulating skn-1, ser-7, and odr-3, 7, 10. Importantly, whole transcriptome results and integrative network analysis revealed extensive mRNA encoding protein domains and functional pathways of naturally aging C. elegans were examined and we built the gene informatics basis. Taken together, our findings proposed that a specific gene network corresponding to the pathways differentially expressed during the aging and selected commensal LAB as potential probiotic strains could be provided beneficial effects in the aging of domestic animals by modulating the dynamics of gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Na Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Daye Mun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sangdon Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Min Kyu Kim
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ryu S, Lee JJ, Mun D, Kim SR, Choe J, Song M, Kim Y. The Ingestion of Dietary Prebiotic Alternatives during Lactation Promotes Intestinal Health by Modulation of Gut Microbiota. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1454-1461. [PMID: 36310360 PMCID: PMC9720077 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2208.08017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Palm kernel expeller (PKE), a by-product of palm oil extraction, contains higher amounts of fiber than corn and soybean meal, but offers low energy density, protein value, and amino acid (AA) composition, limiting its use for swine. Recently however, it was reported that dietary fiber has a positive effect on the gut microbiota of the host, and therefore it is necessary to study the effect of PKE feeding on the intestinal microbiota of swine. In this study, we investigated the effects of supplementation with PKE in lactation diets on the gut microbiota composition of lactating sows and their litters. A total of 12 sows were randomly assigned to two dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. The treatments were a diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 20% of PKE. Sow and piglet fecal samples were collected before farrowing, on days 7 and 28 (weaning) after farrowing, and on days 7 and 28 (weaning) after farrowing, respectively, to verify gut microbiota composition by pyrosequencing analysis. The beta-diversity result showed a significant difference only in weaning-stage piglets, but dietary PKE altered the gut microbiota in sows by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus compared with CON. In piglets, dietary PKE decreased the abundance of opportunistic pathogen Proteus and increased the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria, such as Prevotellaceae and Prevotella. Our results can be helpful in developing feeding strategies and support the beneficial effects of dietary PKE to improve the gut health of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangdon Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Daye Mun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Major of Beef Science, Department of Livestock, Korea National University of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors M.H. Song Phone: +82-42-821-7857 E-mail:
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,
Y.H. Kim Phone: +82-2-880-4808 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee WJ, Ryu S, Kang AN, Song M, Shin M, Oh S, Kim Y. Molecular characterization of gut microbiome in weaning pigs supplemented with multi-strain probiotics using metagenomic, culturomic, and metabolomic approaches. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:60. [PMID: 36434671 PMCID: PMC9700986 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics have been reported to exhibit positive effects on host health, including improved intestinal barrier function, preventing pathogenic infection, and promoting nutrient digestion efficiency. These internal changes are reflected to the fecal microbiota composition and, bacterial metabolites production. In accordance, the application of probiotics has been broadened to industrial animals, including swine, which makes people to pursue better knowledge of the correlation between changes in the fecal microbiota and metabolites. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of multi-strain probiotics (MSP) supplementation to piglets utilizing multiomics analytical approaches including metagenomics, culturomics, and metabolomics. RESULTS Six-week-old piglets were supplemented with MSP composed of Lactobacillus isolated from the feces of healthy piglets. To examine the effect of MSP supplement, piglets of the same age were selected and divided into two groups; one with MSP supplement (MSP group) and the other one without MSP supplement (Control group). MSP feeding altered the composition of the fecal microbiota, as demonstrated by metagenomics analysis. The abundance of commensal Lactobacillus was increased by 2.39%, while Clostridium was decreased, which revealed the similar pattern to the culturomic approach. Next, we investigated the microbial metabolite profiles, specifically SCFAs using HPLC-MS/MS and others using GC-MS, respectively. MSP supplement elevated the abundance of amino acids, including valine, isoleucine and proline as well as the concentration of acetic acid. According to the correlation analyses, these alterations were found out to be crucial in energy synthesizing metabolism, such as branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism and coenzyme A biosynthesis. Furthermore, we isolated commensal Lactobacillus strains enriched by MSP supplement, and analyzed the metabolites and evaluated the functional improvement, related to tight junction from intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, MSP administration to piglets altered their fecal microbiota, by enriching commensal Lactobacillus strains. This change contributed amino acid, acetic acid, and BCAA concentrations to be increased, and energy metabolism pathway was also increased at in vivo and in vitro. These changes produced by MSP supplement suggests the correlation between the various physiological energy metabolism functions induced by health-promoting Lactobacillus and the growth performance of piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woong Ji Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Sangdon Ryu
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - An Na Kang
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Minho Song
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Korea
| | - Minhye Shin
- grid.202119.90000 0001 2364 8385Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212 Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- grid.411845.d0000 0000 8598 5806Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069 Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| |
Collapse
|