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Gülmez B. Advancements in rice disease detection through convolutional neural networks: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33328. [PMID: 39021980 PMCID: PMC11253532 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This review paper addresses the critical need for advanced rice disease detection methods by integrating artificial intelligence, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Rice, being a staple food for a large part of the global population, is susceptible to various diseases that threaten food security and agricultural sustainability. This research is significant as it leverages technological advancements to tackle these challenges effectively. Drawing upon diverse datasets collected across regions including India, Bangladesh, Türkiye, China, and Pakistan, this paper offers a comprehensive analysis of global research efforts in rice disease detection using CNNs. While some rice diseases are universally prevalent, many vary significantly by growing region due to differences in climate, soil conditions, and agricultural practices. The primary objective is to explore the application of AI, particularly CNNs, for precise and early identification of rice diseases. The literature review includes a detailed examination of data sources, datasets, and preprocessing strategies, shedding light on the geographic distribution of data collection and the profiles of contributing researchers. Additionally, the review synthesizes information on various algorithms and models employed in rice disease detection, highlighting their effectiveness in addressing diverse data complexities. The paper thoroughly evaluates hyperparameter optimization techniques and their impact on model performance, emphasizing the importance of fine-tuning for optimal results. Performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score are rigorously analyzed to assess model effectiveness. Furthermore, the discussion section critically examines challenges associated with current methodologies, identifies opportunities for improvement, and outlines future research directions at the intersection of machine learning and rice disease detection. This comprehensive review, analyzing a total of 121 papers, underscores the significance of ongoing interdisciplinary research to meet evolving agricultural technology needs and enhance global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Gülmez
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Mine Apt, Altay Mah. Sehit A. Taner Ekici Sk. No: 6, 06820, Etimesgut, Ankara, Türkiye
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Wu Z, Li W, Wang H, Li Y. An Evaluation of Paddy Rice as an Alternative Energy Source in Protein-Restricted Diets for Growing, Early-Finishing, and Late-Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:391. [PMID: 38338034 PMCID: PMC10854829 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate paddy rice as an alternative energy feedstuff in low-protein diets for pigs. In Experiment 1, a total of 400 growing pigs (20.68 ± 0.29 kg initial bodyweight), were randomly allocated four dietary treatments with 0, 10, 15, and 20% paddy rice for 30 days. Feeding 10% or 15% paddy rice had no adverse impacts on average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio (F:G), while the inclusion of 20% rice in diets significantly influenced the growth performance of pigs. In Experiment 2, 364 early-finishing pigs (42.25 ± 0.47 kg) were divided into four treatments with 0, 15, 20, and 25% paddy rice for 35 days. Feeding 15% or 20% paddy rice had no negative consequences on growth performance, while pigs fed with 25% rice had the lowest ADG and the greatest F:G. In Experiment 3, 364 late-finishing pigs (79.52 ± 1.28 kg) were divided into four treatments with 0, 20, 25, and 30% paddy rice for 60 days. Paddy rice can be included at up to 30% in diets without compromising growth performance, while feeding with 25% rice significantly improved the performance for pigs compared with the corn-fed control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yali Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (Z.W.); (W.L.); (H.W.)
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Hu Z, Qian S, Fan K, Yu Y, Liu X, Liu H, Meng J, Zhao Z, Han Z. Natural occurrence of ustiloxins in rice from five provinces in China and the removal efficiencies of different milling steps. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:6272-6279. [PMID: 37163670 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread incidence of "false smut" disease in rice has caused extensive ustiloxin contamination around the world. Until now there has been a lack of knowledge regarding the natural occurrence of ustiloxins in paddy. The development of efficient removal methods is also still a challenge that remains unexplored. RESULTS In the current study, three main ustiloxins - ustiloxin A (UA), ustiloxin B (UB), and ustiloxin G (UG) - were determined simultaneously by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in 206 paddy samples collected in 2021 from five rice-producing provinces in China. The predominant ustiloxin was UA with an occurrence of 46.1% and an average concentration of 49.71 μg kg-1 . This was followed by UB (31.1%, 13.31 μg kg-1 ) and UG (18.4%, 9.19 μg kg-1 ). No targeted ustiloxins were detected in white rice samples randomly collected from supermarkets in Shanghai. To reveal the causes, two approaches were tested for the removal of the ustiloxins: most of the targeted ustiloxins (>93%) were removed in brown rice by husking and, subsequently, all targeted ustiloxins (100%) were removed by whitening. CONCLUSION A wide distribution of ustiloxins was discovered in paddy samples in this study. The UA contaminations were significantly different depending on their origin, with the highest occurrence in paddy from Shanghai and Jiangsu, southeast coast provinces in China. Contamination by UG was also found in paddy for the first time and was strongly correlated with those of UA and UB. A combination of husking and whitening has been verified to be a practicable and promising way to ensure efficient removal and food safety. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen'an Qian
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinan Yu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajia Meng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Chan LC. Rice Bran: From Waste to Nutritious Food Ingredients. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112503. [PMID: 37299466 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a principal food for more than half of the world's people. Rice is predominantly consumed as white rice, a refined grain that is produced during the rice milling process which removes the bran and germ and leaves the starchy endosperm. Rice bran is a by-product produced from the rice milling process, which contains many bioactive compounds, for instance, phenolic compounds, tocotrienols, tocopherols, and γ-oryzanol. These bioactive compounds are thought to protect against cancer, vascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Extraction of rice bran oil also generates various by-products including rice bran wax, defatted rice bran, filtered cake, and rice acid oil, and some of them exert bioactive substances that could be utilized as functional food ingredients. However, rice bran is often utilized as animal feed or discarded as waste. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss the role of rice bran in metabolic ailments. The bioactive constituents and food product application of rice bran were also highlighted in this study. Collectively, a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism and the role of these bioactive compounds exerted in the rice bran would provide a useful approach for the food industry and prevent metabolic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Healthcare Professional, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Seksyen 13, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Chin Chan
- Biovalence Sdn. Bhd., 22, Jalan SS25/34, Taman Mayang, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Differential Impacts of Cereal and Protein Sources Fed to Pigs after Weaning on Diarrhoea and Faecal Shedding of Escherichia coli, Production, and Total Tract Apparent Digestibility. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050863. [PMID: 36899720 PMCID: PMC10000030 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Different cereal types, in combination with different protein sources, are fed to pigs after weaning, but their interactions and possible implications are not well researched. In this study, 84 male weaned piglets were used in a 21-day feeding trial to investigate the effects of feeding either medium-grain or long-grain extruded rice or wheat, in a factorial combination with protein sources of either vegetable or animal origin, on postweaning performance, shedding of β-haemolytic Escherichia coli, and the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD). Pigs fed either rice type performed the same (p > 0.05) as wheat-fed pigs after weaning. The use of vegetable protein sources reduced growth rate (p < 0.001) and feed intake (p = 0.007) and deteriorated the feed conversion ratio (p = 0.028) in weeks two and three compared to pigs fed animal protein sources. The number of antibiotic treatments given for clinical diarrhoea was similar (p > 0.05). However, the faecal E. coli score showed a trend for the main effect of protein source, with pigs fed animal proteins showing a higher E. coli score than pigs fed vegetable proteins (0.63 vs. 0.43, p = 0.057). There was also a tendency for an interaction (p = 0.069) between cereal type and protein source (p = 0.069), with this difference being associated with a greater faecal score in pigs fed diets with long-grain rice plus animal proteins and wheat plus animal proteins. Significant interactions occurred for the CTTAD when assessed in week three. In general, pigs fed diets with medium-grain rice or long-grain rice with animal proteins had a higher (p < 0.001) CTTAD for dietary components than pigs fed all other diets, and vegetable proteins depressed (p < 0.001) CTTAD compared to animal proteins (main effect of protein: p < 0.001). In summary, pigs tolerated the extruded rice-based diets well and performed equivalently to pigs fed wheat as the sole cereal, and the use of vegetable proteins decreased the E. coli score.
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Ryu S, Lee JJ, Mun D, Kim SR, Choe J, Song M, Kim Y. The Ingestion of Dietary Prebiotic Alternatives during Lactation Promotes Intestinal Health by Modulation of Gut Microbiota. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1454-1461. [PMID: 36310360 PMCID: PMC9720077 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2208.08017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Palm kernel expeller (PKE), a by-product of palm oil extraction, contains higher amounts of fiber than corn and soybean meal, but offers low energy density, protein value, and amino acid (AA) composition, limiting its use for swine. Recently however, it was reported that dietary fiber has a positive effect on the gut microbiota of the host, and therefore it is necessary to study the effect of PKE feeding on the intestinal microbiota of swine. In this study, we investigated the effects of supplementation with PKE in lactation diets on the gut microbiota composition of lactating sows and their litters. A total of 12 sows were randomly assigned to two dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. The treatments were a diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 20% of PKE. Sow and piglet fecal samples were collected before farrowing, on days 7 and 28 (weaning) after farrowing, and on days 7 and 28 (weaning) after farrowing, respectively, to verify gut microbiota composition by pyrosequencing analysis. The beta-diversity result showed a significant difference only in weaning-stage piglets, but dietary PKE altered the gut microbiota in sows by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus compared with CON. In piglets, dietary PKE decreased the abundance of opportunistic pathogen Proteus and increased the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria, such as Prevotellaceae and Prevotella. Our results can be helpful in developing feeding strategies and support the beneficial effects of dietary PKE to improve the gut health of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangdon Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Daye Mun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Major of Beef Science, Department of Livestock, Korea National University of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors M.H. Song Phone: +82-42-821-7857 E-mail:
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,
Y.H. Kim Phone: +82-2-880-4808 E-mail:
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Gunun N, Khejornsart P, Polyorach S, Kaewpila C, Kimprasit T, Sanjun I, Cherdthong A, Wanapat M, Gunun P. Utilization of Mao ( Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.) Pomace Meal to Substitute Rice Bran on Feed Utilization and Rumen Fermentation in Tropical Beef Cattle. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110585. [PMID: 36356062 PMCID: PMC9692892 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing rice bran with mao pomace meal on feed intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. Four crossbred (50% Brahman × 50% Thai native) beef cattle with an initial body weight of 195 ± 13 kg and 16 months of age were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments included four levels of RB replacement with mao pomace meal at 0, 33, 67, and 100% in concentrate diets. Rice straw was used as a roughage source, fed ad libitum. Replacement of mao pomace meal with rice bran did not affect (p > 0.05) the intakes of concentrate, rice straw, and total dry matter intake. Ether extract intake decreased linearly when increasing the levels of mao pomace meal (p < 0.01). The experimental diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on the digestibility of fiber and crude protein, while dry matter, organic matter, and ether extract digestibility decreased linearly in the group of mao pomace meal replacing rice bran (p < 0.05). Increasing levels of mao pomace meal in concentrate diets did not alter rumen pH, ammonia−nitrogen, or total volatile fatty acid concentration (p > 0.05). The proportion of propionate increased linearly (p < 0.05), whereas acetate and the acetate to propionate ratio decreased linearly (p < 0.05) when replacing rice bran with mao pomace meal. Moreover, the proportion of propionate was greatest, while acetate was lowest when mao pomace meal was included at 100% in the concentrate diet. In conclusion, the replacement of rice bran with mao pomace meal in a diet could enhance the efficiency of rumen fermentation. Nonetheless, it reduced the digestion of nutrients in tropical beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirawan Gunun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Technology, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand
| | - Pichad Khejornsart
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Sineenart Polyorach
- Department of Animal Production Technology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Kaewpila
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Thachawech Kimprasit
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Ittipol Sanjun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pongsatorn Gunun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Kim S, Cho JH, Kim HB, Song M. Evaluation of brown rice to replace corn in weanling pig diet. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1344-1354. [PMID: 34957448 PMCID: PMC8672259 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of brown rice
(Japonica) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility,
and blood parameters of weanling pigs. A total of 60 weanling pigs (28-day-old,
30 barrows and 30 gilts, 6.73 ± 0.77 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly
allotted to 2 dietary treatments (6 pigs per pen; 5 replicates per treatment) in
a randomized complete block design with the initial BW and sex as blocks. The
dietary treatments were a typical nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal
(CON) and the CON replaced 50% of corn with brown rice (BR). Pigs were fed
respective dietary treatments for 5 weeks. For the last week of experiment
period, pigs were fed respective dietary treatments containing 0.2% chromic
oxide as an indigestible marker. Fecal samples were collected from randomly
selected 1 pig in each pen daily for the last 3 d after the 4-d adjustment
period. Blood was collected from randomly selected 1 pig in each pen on d 0, 3,
7, and 14 after weaning. Compared with pig fed CON diet, pigs fed the BR diet
were found to have higher (p < 0.05) final BW, overall
average daily gain, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total
tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and energy. However, there were no
significant differences between the groups with respect to average daily feed
intake, gain to feed ratio, frequency of diarrhea, and the AID and ATTD of crude
protein during overall experimental period. Similarly, there were no significant
differences on blood parameters between the groups. Thus, the findings of this
study indicate that brown rice (Japonica) can be used to
replace 50% of corn in the diet of pigs during the nursery period without
negatively affecting growth performance, nutrient digestibility, or blood
parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Lee JJ, Kim S, Cho JH, Kyoung H, Lee S, Choe J, Liu Y, Ji P, Xiong X, Kim Y, Kim HB, Song M. Potential use of ground brown rice for weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab267. [PMID: 34558617 PMCID: PMC8525501 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of substituting corn with ground brown rice on growth performance, immune status, and gut microbiota in weanling pigs. Seventy-two weanling pigs (28 d old with 6.78 ± 0.94 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments with six pens and six pigs (three barrows and gilts) per pen within a randomized complete block design. The control pigs were fed a typical diet for weanling pigs based on corn and soybean meal diet (control diet: CON), and the other pigs were fed a formulated diet with 100% replacement of corn with ground brown rice for 35d (treatment diet: GBR). Growth performance, immune status, and gut microbiota of weanling pigs were measured. The substitution of corn with GBR did not affect growth performance or diarrhea frequency. Additionally, there were no differences in white blood cell number, hematocrit, cortisol, C-reactive protein, and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels between pigs fed CON or GBR for the first 2 wk after weaning. However, weanling pigs fed GBR had lower (P < 0.05) serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 level than those fed CON. Furthermore, weanling pigs fed GBR had increased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus and Streptococcus and decreased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes and genus Clostridium and Prevotella in the gut microbiota compared with those fed CON. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in growth performance when corn was replaced with ground brown rice in diets for weanling pigs. Furthermore, the substitution of corn with ground brown rice in weaning diet modulated immune status and gut microbiota of pigs by increasing beneficial microbial communities and reducing harmful microbial communities. Overall, ground brown rice-based diet is a potential alternative to corn-based diet without negative effects on growth performance, immune status, and gut microbiota changes of weanling pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sheena Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Seonmin Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xia Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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