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Gao Z, Zhou X. A review of the CAMx, CMAQ, WRF-Chem and NAQPMS models: Application, evaluation and uncertainty factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123183. [PMID: 38110047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
With the gradual deepening of the research and governance of air pollution, chemical transport models (CTMs), especially the third-generation CTMs based on the "1 atm" theory, have been recognized as important tools for atmospheric environment research and air quality management. In this review article, we screened 2396 peer-reviewed manuscripts on the application of four pre-selected regional CTMs in the past five years. CAMx, CMAQ, WRF-Chem and NAQPMS models are well used in the simulation of atmospheric pollutants. In the simulation study of secondary pollutants such as O3, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium (SNA), the CMAQ model has been widely applied. Secondly, model evaluation indicators are diverse, and the establishment of evaluation criteria has gone through the long-term efforts of predecessors. However, the model performance evaluation system still needs further specification. Furthermore, temporal-spatial resolution, emission inventory, meteorological field and atmospheric chemical mechanism are the main sources of uncertainty, and have certain interference with the simulation results. Among them, the inventory and mechanism are particularly important, and are also the top priorities in future simulation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong Province, China.
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Ahmad S, Zeb B, Ditta A, Alam K, Shahid U, Shah AU, Ahmad I, Alasmari A, Sakran M, Alqurashi M. Morphological, Mineralogical, and Biochemical Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Three Size Fractions (PM 10, PM 2.5, and PM 1) in the Urban Environment. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31661-31674. [PMID: 37692244 PMCID: PMC10483683 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in megacities is increasing due to the dense population index, increasing vehicles, industries, and burning activities that negatively impact human health and climate. There is limited study of air pollution in many megacities of the world including Pakistan. Lahore is a megacity in Pakistan in which the continuous investigation of particulate matter is very important. Therefore, this study investigates particulate matter in three size fractions (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) in Lahore, a polluted city in south Asia. The particulate matter was collected daily during the winter season of 2019. The average values of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were found to be 102.00 ± 64.03, 188.31 ± 49.21, and 279.73 ± 75.04 μg m-3, respectively. Various characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used. FT-IR and XRD techniques identified the minerals and compounds like quartz, peroxides, calcites and vaterite, feldspar group, kaolinite clay minerals, chrysotile, vaterite, illite, hematite, dolomite, calcite, magnesium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, calcium iron oxide, gypsum, vermiculite, CuSO4, and FeSO4. Morphology and elemental composition indicated quartz, iron, biological particles, carbonate, and carbonaceous particles. In addition, various elements like C, O, B, Mg, Si, Ca, Cl, Al, Na, K, Zn, and S were identified. Based on the elemental composition and morphology, different particles along with their percentage were found like carbonaceous- (38%), biogenic- (14%), boron-rich particle- (14%), feldspar- (10%), quartz- (9%), calcium-rich particle- (5%), chlorine-rich particle- (5%), and iron-rich particle (5%)-based. The main sources of the particulate matter included vehicular exertion, biomass consumption, resuspended dust, biological emissions, activities from construction sites, and industrial emissions near the sampling area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiq Ahmad
- Department
of Physics, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Bahadar Zeb
- Department
of Mathematics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan
| | - Allah Ditta
- Department
of Environmental Science, Shaheed Benazir
Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan
- School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Western Australia, 35
Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Khan Alam
- Department
of Physics, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Umer Shahid
- Department
of Geology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ullah Shah
- National
Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NILOP-C,
PIEAS), Nilore 44000, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department
of Physics, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Abdulrahman Alasmari
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Sakran
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Section, Chemistry Department, Faculty of
Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alqurashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of
Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
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Hogrefe C, Henderson B, Tonnesen G, Mathur R, Matichuk R. Multiscale Modeling of Background Ozone: Research Needs to Inform and Improve Air Quality Management. EM (PITTSBURGH, PA.) 2020; N/A:1-6. [PMID: 33281437 PMCID: PMC7709794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Hogrefe
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - B Henderson
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - G Tonnesen
- Air and Radiation Division, Region 8, Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO 80202
| | - R Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - R Matichuk
- Air and Radiation Division, Region 8, Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO 80202
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