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Liu H, Duan H, Zhang N, Ma Y, Liu G, Miller TR, Mao R, Xu M, Li J, Yang J. Rethinking time-lagged emissions and abatement potential of fluorocarbons in the post-Kigali Amendment era. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6687. [PMID: 39107310 PMCID: PMC11303384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol has been successful in safeguarding the ozone layer and curbing climate change. However, accurately estimating and reducing the time-lagged emissions of ozone-depleting substances or their substitutes, such as produced but not-yet-emitted fluorocarbon banks, remains a significant challenge. Here, we use a dynamic material flow analysis model to characterize the global stocks and flows of two fluorocarbon categories, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), from 1986 to 2060. We assess emission pathways, time-lagged emission sizes, and potential abatement measures throughout different life cycle stages while focusing on the role of banked fluorocarbons in global and regional decarbonization efforts in the post-Kigali Amendment era. Although fluorocarbon releases are expected to decline, the cumulative global warming potential (GWP)-weighted emissions of HCFCs and HFCs are significant; these will be 6.4 (±1.2) and 14.8 (±2.5) gigatons CO2-equivalent, respectively, in 2022-2060 in our business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Scenario analysis demonstrates that implementing currently available best environmental practices in developed economies can reduce cumulative GWP-weighted emissions by up to 45% compared with the BAU scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Huabo Duan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development (IOER), Dresden, Germany
| | - Yin Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Travis Reed Miller
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Ruichang Mao
- DTU Sustain, Department of Environmental & Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multi-media Pollution Cooperative Control in Yangtze Basin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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2
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An M, Prinn RG, Western LM, Yao B, Zhao X, Kim J, Mühle J, Chi W, Harth CM, Hu J, Ganesan AL, Rigby M. Substantial increase in perfluorocarbons CF 4 (PFC-14) and C 2F 6 (PFC-116) emissions in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400168121. [PMID: 39008662 PMCID: PMC11287116 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400168121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The perfluorocarbons tetrafluoromethane (CF4, PFC-14) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6, PFC-116) are potent greenhouse gases with near-permanent atmospheric lifetimes relative to human timescales and global warming potentials thousands of times that of CO2. Using long-term atmospheric observations from a Chinese network and an inverse modeling approach (top-down method), we determined that CF4 emissions in China increased from 4.7 (4.2-5.0, 68% uncertainty interval) Gg y-1 in 2012 to 8.3 (7.7-8.9) Gg y-1 in 2021, and C2F6 emissions in China increased from 0.74 (0.66-0.80) Gg y-1 in 2011 to 1.32 (1.24-1.40) Gg y-1 in 2021, both increasing by approximately 78%. Combined emissions of CF4 and C2F6 in China reached 78 Mt CO2-eq in 2021. The absolute increase in emissions of each substance in China between 2011-2012 and 2017-2020 was similar to (for CF4), or greater than (for C2F6), the respective absolute increase in global emissions over the same period. Substantial CF4 and C2F6 emissions were identified in the less-populated western regions of China, probably due to emissions from the expanding aluminum industry in these resource-intensive regions. It is likely that the aluminum industry dominates CF4 emissions in China, while the aluminum and semiconductor industries both contribute to C2F6 emissions. Based on atmospheric observations, this study validates the emission magnitudes reported in national bottom-up inventories and provides insights into detailed spatial distributions and emission sources beyond what is reported in national bottom-up inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minde An
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald G. Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Luke M. Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing100081, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocean-land-atmosphere Boundary Dynamics and Climate Change, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jooil Kim
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Wenxue Chi
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing100081, China
| | - Christina M. Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Anita L. Ganesan
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1SS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Rigby
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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3
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Sun Y, Yao B, Ma M, Hu X, Ji M, Fang X. Emissions of HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b in China during 2018-2021 Inferred from Inverse Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39034468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are transitional substitutes for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). However, they still have the capacity to be ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Therefore, they are scheduled to be phased out in China by 2030 under the Montreal Protocol. The emission estimates of HCFC-22 (CHClF2) and HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) in China using atmospheric observations are lacking after 2017, making it hard to understand the effectiveness of the phase-out process of HCFCs in China. Here, we use flask and in situ measurements of HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b during 2018-2021 and inverse modeling to determine the emission magnitude and changes in China. It was determined that China's emissions were 172 ± 40, 154 ± 39, 160 ± 22, and 155 ± 33 Gg yr-1 of HCFC-22 and 8.3 ± 1.8, 7.8 ± 1.6, 7.4 ± 1.7, and 7.9 ± 1.7 Gg yr-1 of HCFC-142b from 2018 to 2021, respectively. Top-down estimates show that HCFC-22 emissions in China were stable, while HCFC-142b emissions were decreasing during 2013-2021, although both substances were in the stage of being phased out during 2013-2021. This study reveals that 46 and 39% of the global HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b emissions, respectively, cannot be traced to certain countries in 2020. We suggest that more studies on HCFC emissions around the world in the future are needed to better safeguard the ozone layer recovery and climate mitigation by ensuring compliance with the Montreal Protocol during HCFC phase-out processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Sun
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Boundary Dynamics and Climate Change, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Mengyue Ma
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Mingrui Ji
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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4
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Wang Y, An M, Western LM, Prinn RG, Hu J, Zhao X, Rigby M, Mühle J, Vollmer MK, Weiss RF, Yao B. Rising Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C 4F 8) Emissions in China from 2011 to 2020 Inferred from Atmospheric Observations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11606-11614. [PMID: 38874561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Global atmospheric emissions of perfluorocyclobutane (c-C4F8, PFC-318), a potent greenhouse gas, have increased rapidly in recent years. Combining atmospheric observations made at nine Chinese sites with a Lagrangian dispersion model-based Bayesian inversion technique, we show that PFC-318 emissions in China grew by approximately 70% from 2011 to 2020, rising from 0.65 (0.54-0.72) Gg year-1 in 2011 to 1.12 (1.05-1.19) Gg year-1 in 2020. The PFC-318 emission increase from China played a substantial role in the overall increase in global emissions during the study period, contributing 58% to the global total emission increase. This growth predominantly originated in eastern China. The regions with high emissions of PFC-318 in China overlap with areas densely populated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) factories, implying that fluoropolymer factories are important sources of PFC-318 emissions in China. Our investigation reveals an emission factor of approximately 3.02 g of byproduct PFC-318 emissions per kg of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) feedstock use in the production of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) (for PTFE production) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) if we assume all HCFC-22 produced for feedstock uses in China are pyrolyzed to produce PTFE and HFP. Further facility-level sampling and analysis are needed for a more precise evaluation of emissions from these factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction & Key Laboratory of Polar Atmosphere-Ocean-Ice System for Weather and Climate, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Boundary Dynamics and Climate Change, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Minde An
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Matthew Rigby
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92083, United States
| | - Martin K Vollmer
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dubendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92083, United States
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, China
- National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 201112, China
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5
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An M, Prinn RG, Western LM, Zhao X, Yao B, Hu J, Ganesan AL, Mühle J, Weiss RF, Krummel PB, O'Doherty S, Young D, Rigby M. Sustained growth of sulfur hexafluoride emissions in China inferred from atmospheric observations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1997. [PMID: 38443346 PMCID: PMC10915133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a potent greenhouse gas. Here we use long-term atmospheric observations to determine SF6 emissions from China between 2011 and 2021, which are used to evaluate the Chinese national SF6 emission inventory and to better understand the global SF6 budget. SF6 emissions in China substantially increased from 2.6 (2.3-2.7, 68% uncertainty) Gg yr-1 in 2011 to 5.1 (4.8-5.4) Gg yr-1 in 2021. The increase from China is larger than the global total emissions rise, implying that it has offset falling emissions from other countries. Emissions in the less-populated western regions of China, which have potentially not been well quantified in previous measurement-based estimates, contribute significantly to the national SF6 emissions, likely due to substantial power generation and transmission in that area. The CO2-eq emissions of SF6 in China in 2021 were 125 (117-132) million tonnes (Mt), comparable to the national total CO2 emissions of several countries such as the Netherlands or Nigeria. The increasing SF6 emissions offset some of the CO2 reductions achieved through transitioning to renewable energy in the power industry, and might hinder progress towards achieving China's goal of carbon neutrality by 2060 if no concrete control measures are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minde An
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Luke M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Anita L Ganesan
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Paul B Krummel
- Climate, Atmosphere and Oceans Interactions, CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, VIC, 3195, Australia
| | - Simon O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Dickon Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Matthew Rigby
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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6
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Li B, Huang J, Hu X, Zhang L, Ma M, Hu L, Chen D, Du Q, Sun Y, Cai Z, Chen A, Li X, Feng R, Prinn RG, Fang X. CCl 4 emissions in eastern China during 2021-2022 and exploration of potential new sources. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1725. [PMID: 38409087 PMCID: PMC10897440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the Montreal Protocol, the production and consumption of ozone-layer-depleting CCl4 for dispersive applications was globally phased out by 2010, including China. However, continued CCl4 emissions were disclosed, with the latest CCl4 emissions unknown in eastern China. In the current study, based on the atmospheric measurements of ~12,000 air samples taken at two sites in eastern China, the 2021-2022 CCl4 emissions are quantified as 7.6 ± 1.7 gigagrams per year. This finding indicates that CCl4 emissions continued after being phased out for dispersive uses in 2010. Subsequently, our study identifies potential industrial sources (manufacture of general purpose machinery and manufacture of raw chemical materials, and chemical products) of CCl4 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiahuan Huang
- Wuxi Ecology Environment Monitoring and Control Center, 214062, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Wuxi Ecology Environment Monitoring and Control Center, 214062, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyue Ma
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liting Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianna Du
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yahui Sun
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhouxiang Cai
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ao Chen
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Feng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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7
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Sun Y, Yao B, Hu X, Yang Y, Li B, Ma M, Chi W, Du Q, Hu J, Fang X. Inverse Modeling Revealed Reversed Trends in HCFC-141b Emissions for China during 2018-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19557-19564. [PMID: 37978918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Having the highest ozone-depleting potential among hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), the production and consumption of HCFC-141b (1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, CH3CCl2F) are controlled by the Montreal Protocol. A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions was found during 2017-2020; however, the latest changes in emissions across China are unclear for this period. This study used the FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model and the Bayesian framework to quantify HCFC-141b emissions based on atmospheric measurements from more sites across China than those used in previous studies. Results show that the estimated HCFC-141b emissions during 2018-2020 were on average 19.4 (17.3-21.6) Gg year-1, which was 3.9 (0.9-7.0) Gg year-1 higher than those in 2017 (15.5 [13.4-17.6] Gg year-1), showing a renewed rise. The proportion of global emissions that could not be exactly traced in 2020 was reduced from about 70% reported in previous studies to 46% herein. This study reconciled the global emission rise of 3.0 ± 1.2 Gg year-1 (emissions in 2020 - emissions in 2017): China's HCFC-141b emissions changed by 4.3 ± 4.5 Gg year-1, and the combined emissions from North Korea, South Korea, western Japan, Australia, northwestern Europe, and the United States changed by -2.2 ± 2.6 Gg year-1, while those from other countries/regions changed by 0.9 ± 5.3 Gg year-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Sun
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Mengyue Ma
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wenxue Chi
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qianna Du
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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An M, Western LM, Hu J, Yao B, Mühle J, Ganesan AL, Prinn RG, Krummel PB, Hossaini R, Fang X, O'Doherty S, Weiss RF, Young D, Rigby M. Anthropogenic Chloroform Emissions from China Drive Changes in Global Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13925-13936. [PMID: 37656597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of chloroform (CHCl3), a short-lived halogenated substance not currently controlled under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, are offsetting some of the achievements of the Montreal Protocol. In this study, emissions of CHCl3 from China were derived by atmospheric measurement-based "top-down" inverse modeling and a sector-based "bottom-up" inventory method. Top-down CHCl3 emissions grew from 78 (72-83) Gg yr-1 in 2011 to a maximum of 193 (178-204) Gg yr-1 in 2017, followed by a decrease to 147 (138-154) Gg yr-1 in 2018, after which emissions remained relatively constant through 2020. The changes in emissions from China could explain all of the global changes during the study period. The CHCl3 emissions in China were dominated by anthropogenic sources, such as byproduct emissions during disinfection and leakage from chloromethane industries. Had emissions continued to grow at the rate observed up to 2017, a delay of several years in Antarctic ozone layer recovery could have occurred. However, this delay will be largely avoided if global CHCl3 emissions remain relatively constant in the future, as they have between 2018 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minde An
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Luke M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anita L Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, U.K
| | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul B Krummel
- Climate, Atmosphere and Oceans Interactions, CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Simon O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dickon Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Matthew Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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Yi L, An M, Yu H, Ma Z, Xu L, O'Doherty S, Rigby M, Western LM, Ganesan AL, Zhou L, Shi Q, Hu Y, Yao B, Xu W, Hu J. In Situ Observations of Halogenated Gases at the Shangdianzi Background Station and Emission Estimates for Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7217-7229. [PMID: 37126109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated gases include ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons, halons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and perfluorinated gases. In situ atmospheric observations of major halogenated gases were conducted at the Shangdianzi (SDZ) background station, China, from October 2020 to September 2021 using ODS5-pro, a newly developed measurement system. The measurement time series of 36 halogenated gases showed occasional pollution events, where background conditions represented 25% (CH2Cl2) to 81% (CF3Cl, CFC-13) of the measurements. The annual mean background mole fractions of most species at SDZ were consistent with those obtained at the Mace Head station in Ireland. The background conditions were distinguished from pollution events, and the enhanced mole fractions were used to estimate the emissions of four categories of fluorinated gases (F-gases) from northern China using a tracer ratio method. The CO2-equivalent (CO2-equiv) emission of F-gases from northern China reached 181 ± 18 Tg year-1 during 2020-2021. Among the four categories of F-gases estimated, SF6 accounted for the highest proportion of CO2-equiv emissions (24%), followed by HFC-23 (22%), HFC-125 (17%), HFC-134a (13%), NF3 (10%), CF4 (5.9%), HFC-143a (3.9%), HFC-32 (3.4%), and HFC-152a (0.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minde An
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Haibo Yu
- Beijing Huanaco Innovation Co., Ltd., Beijing 102400, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Beijing Huanaco Innovation Co., Ltd., Beijing 102400, China
| | - Simon O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Matthew Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Anita L Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, U.K
| | - Liyan Zhou
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingfeng Shi
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yunxing Hu
- Beijing Huanaco Innovation Co., Ltd., Beijing 102400, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weiguang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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