1
|
Hammett S, Day-Lewis FD, Trottier B, Barlow PM, Briggs MA, Delin G, Harvey JW, Johnson CD, Lane JW, Rosenberry DO, Werkema DD. GW/SW-MST: A Groundwater/Surface-Water Method Selection Tool. GROUND WATER 2022. [PMID: 35293621 DOI: 10.5066/p9yfjalf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater/surface-water (GW/SW) exchange and hyporheic processes are topics receiving increasing attention from the hydrologic community. Hydraulic, chemical, temperature, geophysical, and remote sensing methods are used to achieve various goals (e.g., inference of GW/SW exchange, mapping of bed materials, etc.), but the application of these methods is constrained by site conditions such as water depth, specific conductance, bed material, and other factors. Researchers and environmental professionals working on GW/SW problems come from diverse fields and rarely have expertise in all available field methods; hence there is a need for guidance to design field campaigns and select methods that both contribute to study goals and are likely to work under site-specific conditions. Here, we present the spreadsheet-based GW/SW-Method Selection Tool (GW/SW-MST) to help practitioners identify methods for use in GW/SW and hyporheic studies. The GW/SW-MST is a Microsoft Excel-based decision support tool in which the user selects answers to questions about GW/SW-related study goals and site parameters and characteristics. Based on user input, the tool indicates which methods from a toolbox of 32 methods could potentially contribute to achieving the specified goals at the site described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hammett
- Observing Systems Division, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015, Storrs, CT, 06269
| | - Frederick D Day-Lewis
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99352
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrogeophysics Branch, 11 Sherman Place, Storrs, CT, 06269
| | - Brett Trottier
- Observing Systems Division, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015, Storrs, CT, 06269
| | - Paul M Barlow
- New England Water Science Center, Hydrologic Interpretive Program, U.S. Geological Survey, 10 Bearfoot Road, Northborough, MA, 01532
| | - Martin A Briggs
- Observing Systems Division, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015, Storrs, CT, 06269
| | - Geoffrey Delin
- Earth System Processes Division, U.S. Geological Survey, W 6th Ave Kipling St., Lakewood, CO, 80225
| | - Judson W Harvey
- Environmental Hydrodynamics Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA, 20192
| | - Carole D Johnson
- Observing Systems Division, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015, Storrs, CT, 06269
| | - John W Lane
- Observing Systems Division, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015, Storrs, CT, 06269
| | - Donald O Rosenberry
- Water Budget Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, W 6th Ave Kipling St., Lakewood, CO, 80225
| | - Dale D Werkema
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development (ORD), Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA), Pacific Ecological Systems Division (PESD), Pacific Coast Ecology Branch (PCEB), 2111 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR, 97365
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hammett S, Day-Lewis FD, Trottier B, Barlow PM, Briggs MA, Delin G, Harvey JW, Johnson CD, Lane JW, Rosenberry DO, Werkema DD. GW/SW-MST: A Groundwater/Surface-Water Method Selection Tool. GROUND WATER 2022; 60:784-791. [PMID: 35293621 PMCID: PMC9477975 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater/surface-water (GW/SW) exchange and hyporheic processes are topics receiving increasing attention from the hydrologic community. Hydraulic, chemical, temperature, geophysical, and remote sensing methods are used to achieve various goals (e.g., inference of GW/SW exchange, mapping of bed materials, etc.), but the application of these methods is constrained by site conditions such as water depth, specific conductance, bed material, and other factors. Researchers and environmental professionals working on GW/SW problems come from diverse fields and rarely have expertise in all available field methods; hence there is a need for guidance to design field campaigns and select methods that both contribute to study goals and are likely to work under site-specific conditions. Here, we present the spreadsheet-based GW/SW-Method Selection Tool (GW/SW-MST) to help practitioners identify methods for use in GW/SW and hyporheic studies. The GW/SW-MST is a Microsoft Excel-based decision support tool in which the user selects answers to questions about GW/SW-related study goals and site parameters and characteristics. Based on user input, the tool indicates which methods from a toolbox of 32 methods could potentially contribute to achieving the specified goals at the site described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hammett
- Observing Systems Division, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015, Storrs CT 06269
| | - Frederick D. Day-Lewis
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland WA 99352
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrogeophysics Branch, 11 Sherman Place, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Brett Trottier
- Observing Systems Division, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015, Storrs CT 06269
| | - Paul M. Barlow
- New England Water Science Center, Hydrologic Interpretive Program, U.S. Geological Survey, 10 Bearfoot Road, Northborough, MA 01532
| | - Martin A. Briggs
- Observing Systems Division, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015, Storrs CT 06269
| | - Geoffrey Delin
- Earth System Processes Division, U.S. Geological Survey, W 6th Ave Kipling St., Lakewood, CO 80225
| | - Judson W. Harvey
- Environmental Hydrodynamics Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston VA 20192
| | - Carole D. Johnson
- Observing Systems Division, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015, Storrs CT 06269
| | - John W. Lane
- Observing Systems Division, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 5015, Storrs CT 06269
| | - Donald O. Rosenberry
- Water Budget Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, W 6th Ave Kipling St., Lakewood, CO 80225
| | - Dale D. Werkema
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development (ORD), Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA), Pacific Ecological Systems Division (PESD), Pacific Coast Ecology Branch (PCEB), 2111 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR 97365
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hare DK, Helton AM, Johnson ZC, Lane JW, Briggs MA. Continental-scale analysis of shallow and deep groundwater contributions to streams. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1450. [PMID: 33664258 PMCID: PMC7933412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater discharge generates streamflow and influences stream thermal regimes. However, the water quality and thermal buffering capacity of groundwater depends on the aquifer source-depth. Here, we pair multi-year air and stream temperature signals to categorize 1729 sites across the continental United States as having major dam influence, shallow or deep groundwater signatures, or lack of pronounced groundwater (atmospheric) signatures. Approximately 40% of non-dam stream sites have substantial groundwater contributions as indicated by characteristic paired air and stream temperature signal metrics. Streams with shallow groundwater signatures account for half of all groundwater signature sites and show reduced baseflow and a higher proportion of warming trends compared to sites with deep groundwater signatures. These findings align with theory that shallow groundwater is more vulnerable to temperature increase and depletion. Streams with atmospheric signatures tend to drain watersheds with low slope and greater human disturbance, indicating reduced stream-groundwater connectivity in populated valley settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K Hare
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
- Volunteer, U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Systems Processes Division, Hydrogeophysics Branch, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Ashley M Helton
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Zachary C Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - John W Lane
- U.S. Geological Survey, Earth System Processes Division, Hydrogeophysics Branch, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Martin A Briggs
- U.S. Geological Survey, Earth System Processes Division, Hydrogeophysics Branch, Storrs, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Streambed Flux Measurement Informed by Distributed Temperature Sensing Leads to a Significantly Different Characterization of Groundwater Discharge. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11112312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Groundwater discharge though streambeds is often focused toward discrete zones, indicating that preliminary reconnaissance may be useful for capturing the full spectrum of groundwater discharge rates using point-scale quantitative methods. However, many direct-contact reconnaissance techniques can be time-consuming, and remote sensing (e.g., thermal infrared) typically does not penetrate the water column to locate submerged seepages. In this study, we tested whether dozens of groundwater discharge measurements made at “uninformed” (i.e., selected without knowledge on high-resolution temperature variations at the streambed) point locations along a reach would yield significantly different Darcy-based groundwater discharge rates when compared with “informed” measurements, focused at streambed thermal anomalies that were identified a priori using fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS). A non-parametric U-test showed a significant difference between median discharge rates for uninformed (0.05 m·day−1; n = 30) and informed (0.17 m·day−1; n = 20) measurement locations. Mean values followed a similar pattern (0.12 versus 0.27 m·day−1), and frequency distributions for uninformed and informed measurements were also significantly different based on a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Results suggest that even using a quick “snapshot-in-time” field analysis of FO-DTS data can be useful in streambeds with groundwater discharge rates <0.2 m·day−1, a lower threshold than proposed in a previous study. Collectively, study results highlight that FO-DTS is a powerful technique for identifying higher-discharge zones in streambeds, but the pros and cons of informed and uninformed sampling depend in part on groundwater/surface water exchange study goals. For example, studies focused on measuring representative groundwater and solute fluxes may be biased if high-discharge locations are preferentially sampled. However, identification of high-discharge locations may complement more randomized sampling plans and lead to improvements in interpolating streambed fluxes and upscaling point measurements to the stream reach scale.
Collapse
|