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Li M, Kim Y, Guo W, Fan P, Wang J, Kim S. Effects of Conditioning Contractions on Lower-Body Explosive Force Post-Static Stretching. Int J Sports Med 2024. [PMID: 38914131 DOI: 10.1055/a-2351-8735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The present study assessed the impacts of two distinct protocols, static stretching (StS, 4 sets of 30 seconds) and static stretching combined with conditioning contractions (10 repetitive drop jumps) (SC), on neuromuscular response and rate of force development (RFD) in the lower limbs during squat jumps (SJs) at varying initial knee-joint angles (60°,90°,120°). Twelve participants completed three randomized experimental trials (no intervention, StS intervention, and SC intervention). Except for the intervention segments, each trial included standardized warm-ups and SJs at three different angles. Data were collected using a 3-dimensional injury motion capture system, an electromyography (EMG) recording system, and a force platform. The collected EMG data were subjected to amplitude calculations, while force-time data were used for RFD computation. Neither StS nor SC significantly impacted the average or peak EMG amplitudes of the five muscles examined (p>0.05). However, at an initial knee-joint angle of 120°, the StS group demonstrated significantly lower RFD values at three distinct phases (0-50 ms, 50-100 ms, and 0-peakforce) compared to those seen in the SC and control groups (p<0.05). For activities starting with a knee-joint angle of 120°, it is recommended to either avoid StS or combine it with ten repetitive drop jumps to mitigate any potential negative impact on explosiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Physical Education, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Weishuai Guo
- Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Penglei Fan
- Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Junsig Wang
- Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Sukwon Kim
- Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea (the Republic of)
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Takeuchi K, Nakamura M, Matsuo S, Samukawa M, Yamaguchi T, Mizuno T. Combined Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching on the Muscle-Tendon Unit Stiffness and Strength of the Hamstrings. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:681-686. [PMID: 38513176 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Takeuchi, K, Nakamura, M, Matsuo, S, Samukawa, M, Yamaguchi, T, and Mizuno, T. Combined effects of static and dynamic stretching on the muscle-tendon unit stiffness and strength of the hamstrings. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 681-686, 2024-Combined static and dynamic stretching for 30 seconds is frequently used as a part of a warm-up program. However, a stretching method that can both decrease muscle-tendon unit (MTU) stiffness and increase muscle strength has not been developed. The purpose of this study was to examine the combined effects of 30 seconds of static stretching at different intensities (normal-intensity static stretching [NS] and high-intensity static [HS]) and dynamic stretching at different speeds (low-speed dynamic [LD] and high-speed dynamic stretching [HD]) on the MTU stiffness and muscle strength of the hamstrings. Thirteen healthy subjects (9 men and 4 women, 20.9 ± 0.8 years, 169.3 ± 7.2 cm, 61.1 ± 8.2 kg) performed 4 types of interventions (HS-HD, HS-LD, NS-HD, and NS-LD). Range of motion (ROM), passive torque, MTU stiffness, and muscle strength were measured before and immediately after interventions by using an isokinetic dynamometer machine. In all interventions, the ROM and passive torque significantly increased (p < 0.01). Muscle-tendon unit stiffness significantly decreased in HS-HD and HS-LD (both p < 0.01), but there was no significant change in NS-HD (p = 0.30) or NS-LD (p = 0.42). Muscle strength significantly increased after HS-HD (p = 0.02) and NS-LD (p = 0.03), but there was no significant change in HS-LD (p = 0.23) or NS-LD (p = 0.26). The results indicated that using a combination of 30 seconds of high-intensity static stretching and high-speed dynamic stretching can be beneficial for the MTU stiffness and muscle strength of the hamstrings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki-cho, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa-shi, Japan
| | - Mina Samukawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Taichi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Food Ecology and Sports Science, Department of Foods Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan; and
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Japan
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Takeuchi K, Nakamura M, Fukaya T, Konrad A, Mizuno T. Acute and Long-Term Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle-Tendon Unit Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:465-475. [PMID: 37711702 PMCID: PMC10499138 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Static stretching can increase the range of motion of a joint. Muscle-tendon unit stiffness (MTS) is potentially one of the main factors that influences the change in the range of motion after static stretching. However, to date, the effects of acute and long-term static stretching on MTS are not well understood. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of acute and long-term static stretching training on MTS, in young healthy participants. PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO published before January 6, 2023, were searched and finally, 17 papers were included in the meta-analysis. Main meta-analysis was performed with a random-effect model and subgroup analyses, which included comparisons of sex (male vs. mixed sex and female) and muscle (hamstrings vs. plantar flexors) were also performed. Furthermore, a meta-regression was conducted to examine the effect of total stretching duration on MTS. For acute static stretching, the result of the meta-analysis showed a moderate decrease in MTS (effect size = -0.772, Z = -2.374, 95% confidence interval = -1.409 - -0.325, p = 0.018, I2 = 79.098). For long-term static stretching, there is no significant change in MTS (effect size = -0.608, Z = -1.761, 95% CI = -1.284 - 0.069, p = 0.078, I2 = 83.061). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between sex (long-term, p = 0.209) or muscle (acute, p =0.295; long-term, p = 0.427). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between total stretching duration and MTS in acute static stretching (p = 0.011, R2 = 0.28), but not in long-term stretching (p = 0.085, R2 < 0.01). Whilst MTS decreased after acute static stretching, only a tendency of a decrease was seen after long-term stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki-cho, Saga, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Togane-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
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Takeuchi K, Nakamura M, Konrad A, Mizuno T. Long-term static stretching can decrease muscle stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1294-1306. [PMID: 37231582 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stretch training increases the range of motion of a joint. However, to date, the mechanisms behind such a stretching effect are not well understood. An earlier meta-analysis on several studies reported no changes in the passive properties of a muscle (i.e., muscle stiffness) following long-term stretch training with various types of stretching (static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular stretching). However, in recent years, an increasing number of papers have reported the effects of long-term static stretching on muscle stiffness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the long-term (≥2 weeks) effect of static stretching training on muscle stiffness. PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO published before December 28, 2022, were searched and 10 papers met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. By applying a mixed-effect model, subgroup analyses, which included comparisons of sex (male vs. mixed sex) and type of muscle stiffness assessment (calculated from the muscle-tendon junction vs. shear modulus), were performed. Furthermore, a meta-regression was conducted to examine the effect of total stretching duration on muscle stiffness. The result of the meta-analysis showed a moderate decrease in muscle stiffness after 3-12 weeks of static stretch training compared to a control condition (effect size = -0.749, p < 0.001, I2 = 56.245). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between sex (p = 0.131) and type of muscle stiffness assessment (p = 0.813). Moreover, there was no significant relationship between total stretching duration and muscle stiffness (p = 0.881).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki-cho, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Japan
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