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Westmark CJ. Increased Incidence of Epilepsy in Response to Soy-Based Infant Formula in a National Korean Cohort Study. J Nutr 2022; 152:1378-1379. [PMID: 35512306 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cara J Westmark
- From the Department of Neurology and Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Maruszewska A, Żwierełło W, Skórka-Majewicz M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Wszołek A, Janda K, Kulis D, Kapczuk P, Chlubek D, Gutowska I. Modified Baby Milk-Bioelements Composition and Toxic Elements Contamination. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144184. [PMID: 34299460 PMCID: PMC8307874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk has the most suitable composition for the proper development in the first year of a child’s life. However, it is often replaced with artificial milk. The aim of the study was to analyze the composition of essential elements: Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn as well as toxic elements: Ni, Pb, Sr, Li, and In in 18 formulas available in Poland. The daily supply was also estimated. The study was performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry method. The results showed the presence of all essential elements tested, but the content of P and Mn significantly differed from the concentrations declared. Such discrepancies can have significant impact on the daily dose of the bioelements taken. However, the content of elements was within the reference standards established by the EU Directive with exception of P, the amount of which exceeded the norms 5.23–18.80-times. Daily supply of P in tested milk as well as Fe and Mn provided with first and hypoallergenic formula exceeded the adequate intake. Analysis revealed the contamination with harmful elements—Pb, Sr, Li, and In were detected in almost all products. The study confirms the data concerning some discrepancies in composition and the contamination of food and may provide information on the feeding quality of children and estimation of health risk associated with exposure to toxic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Maruszewska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c St., 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (A.M.); (A.W.)
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13 St., 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Żwierełło
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (W.Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (D.K.)
| | - Marta Skórka-Majewicz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (W.Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (D.K.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (I.B.-B.); (P.K.); (D.C.)
| | - Agata Wszołek
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c St., 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (A.M.); (A.W.)
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13 St., 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Janda
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomic, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 St., 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Daria Kulis
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (W.Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (D.K.)
| | - Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (I.B.-B.); (P.K.); (D.C.)
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (I.B.-B.); (P.K.); (D.C.)
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (W.Ż.); (M.S.-M.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-91-466-1644
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Verduci E, Di Profio E, Cerrato L, Nuzzi G, Riva L, Vizzari G, D'Auria E, Giannì ML, Zuccotti G, Peroni DG. Use of Soy-Based Formulas and Cow's Milk Allergy: Lights and Shadows. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:591988. [PMID: 33313028 PMCID: PMC7707102 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.591988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a species of legume native to East Asia and used in childhood diet for over 2,000 years in the East. Soy protein formulas have been available for almost a century. Nowadays, the increase in cow's milk allergy and vegetarian dietary preferences are driving consumers toward cow's milk alternatives. In this paper, we reviewed the nutritional composition of soy-based infant formula and discussed their possible use in pediatric age, mainly focusing on prevention and treatment of cow's milk allergy. Protein quality is determined by digestibility and amino acid content. Purified or concentrated vegetable proteins (e.g., soy protein and gluten) have high digestibility (>95%), similar to those of animal ones. For some intact vegetable products (e.g., whole cereals and pulses), protein digestibility is lower (80-90%). Food processing and heat treatment also influence protein digestibility. Considering these data, we tried to evaluate the possible use of soybean and derivatives in pediatric age, including the nutritional composition of soy formulas and the clinical indications for their use. Moreover, since plant-based beverages are being perceived as healthy by consumers and their use is growing on the market, we recommend that soy drink should not be used as a substitute for infant formulas or cow's milk in children younger than 24 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Cerrato
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Nuzzi
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Riva
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Vizzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enza D'Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego G. Peroni
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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de Mendonça Pereira BF, de Almeida CC, Leandro KC, da Costa MP, Conte-Junior CA, Spisso BF. Occurrence, sources, and pathways of chemical contaminants in infant formulas. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1378-1396. [PMID: 33337090 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infant formulas are manufactured products to meet specific nutritional requirements for infants. However, infant formulas can contain harmful substances, such as chemical contaminants and residues, normally due to possible contamination of the raw material or from the production chain. Some studies have demonstrated that veterinary drugs, pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals, packaging materials, within other chemicals are found in infant formulas from different sources of contamination. It is known that some of these substances can be hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, immunotoxic, contributing to antibiotic resistance, among other detrimental consequences for consumers' health. The purpose of this review is to assess the scientific evidence concerning the occurrence, sources, and pathways of contamination, as well as the detrimental impacts on infant health due to the possible presence of chemical contaminants and residues in infant formulas. Moreover, strategies to reduce the risk of contamination of infant formulas are presented to ensure the highest standards of quality of infant formulas. The entire infant formula manufacturing process should be monitored and controlled to minimize the risk of contamination during processing, storage, and distribution, besides ensuring the use of raw materials with as low as acceptable levels of harmful substances in order to assure that the final product shall comply with the maximum levels and maximum residue limits, when established, for residues and contaminants in the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristine Couto de Almeida
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Katia Christina Leandro
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marion Pereira da Costa
- Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inspeção e Tecnologia de Leite e Derivados, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardete Ferraz Spisso
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Matthai J, Mohan N, Viswanathan MS, Shanmugam N, Bharadia L, Bhatnagar S, Srikanth KP. Therapeutic Enteral Formulas in Children. Indian Pediatr 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-1787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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