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Danielsen SPO, Beech HK, Wang S, El-Zaatari BM, Wang X, Sapir L, Ouchi T, Wang Z, Johnson PN, Hu Y, Lundberg DJ, Stoychev G, Craig SL, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M. Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5042-5092. [PMID: 33792299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P O Danielsen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Primer Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Gula IA, Karimi-Varzaneh HA, Svaneborg C. Computational Study of Cross-Link and Entanglement Contributions to the Elastic Properties of Model PDMS Networks. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Gula
- University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Svaneborg
- University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Hansen R, Skov AL, Hassager O. Constitutive equation for polymer networks with phonon fluctuations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:011802. [PMID: 18351868 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.011802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent research by Xing [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 075502 (2007)] has provided an expression for the Helmholtz free energy related to phonon fluctuations in polymer networks. We extend this result by constructing the corresponding nonlinear constitutive equation, usable for entirely general, volume conserving deformation fields. Constitutive equations for the sliplink model and the tube model are derived and the three models are examined by comparison with each other and with data from Xu and Mark [Rubber Chem. Technol. 63, 276 (1990)] and Wang and Mark [J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 30, 801 (1992)]. Elastic moduli are derived for the three models and compared with the moduli determined from the chemical stoichiometry. We conclude that the sliplink model and the phonon fluctuation model are relatively consistent with each other and with the data. The tube model seems consistent neither with the other models nor with the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Hansen
- Center for Fluid Dynamics at DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Xing X, Goldbart PM, Radzihovsky L. Thermal fluctuations and rubber elasticity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:075502. [PMID: 17359034 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.075502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of thermal elastic fluctuations in rubbery materials are examined. It is shown that, due to their interplay with the incompressibility constraint, these fluctuations qualitatively modify the large-deformation stress-strain relation, compared to that of classical rubber elasticity. To leading order, this mechanism provides a simple and generic explanation for the peak structure of Mooney-Rivlin stress-strain relation and shows good agreement with experiments. It also leads to the prediction of a phonon correlation function that depends on the external deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Xing
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
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Kawamura T, Urayama K, Kohjiya S. Multiaxial Deformations of End-Linked Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Networks. 1. Phenomenological Approach to Strain Energy Density Function. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma002165y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Kawamura
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinzo Kohjiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to review analytical, experimental, and numerical methods for studying the nonlinear, pseudoelastic behavior of membranes of interest in biomechanics, and second, to present illustrative examples from the literature for a variety of biomembranes (e.g., skin, pericardium, pleura, aneurysms, and cells) as well as elastomeric membranes used in balloon catheters and new cell stretching tests. Although a membrane approach affords great simplifications in comparison to the three-dimensional theory of nonlinear elasticity, associated problems are still challenging. Computer-based methods are essential, therefore, for performing the requisite experiments, analyzing data, and solving boundary and initial value problems. Emphasis is on stable equilibria although material instabilities and elastodynamics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Humphrey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore MD 21250
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